1. Part 1 Anatomical Overview – Bones, Joints, Anatomical positions
Sports Medicine 15
Unit I: Anatomy
Part 1 Anatomical Overview – Bones, Joints, Anatomical positions

2. Anatomy
Anatomy deals with the structure of the human body, and includes a precise language on body positions and relationships between body parts.
Proper instruction on safe and efficient exercise technique requires a comprehensive understanding of movement within the human body.
The proper analysis and treatment of athletic injuries requires an extensive background in Anatomy, Physiology, and often in the sporting field, Biomechanics.

3. Anatomy The body is made up of FOUR different types of tissues:
1. Connective tissue - (bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and fascia).

4. Anatomy 2. Muscle Tissue – which is divided into three types:
skeletal – which moves parts of the skeleton, cardiac – which causes the pumping action of the heart, smooth- which lines arterial walls and other organs of the body

5. Anatomy
3. Nervous Tissue – divided into neurons, which conduct impulses involving the brain, the spinal cord, spinal nerves and cranial nerves; and neuroglia – involved in the cellular processes that support the neurons.

6. Anatomy
4. Epithelial tissue – involved in various bodily systems

7. Anatomy
Proper vocabulary is extremely important when discussing anatomy. Common terms make communication with others (physicians, coaches, therapists, athletic therapists) much easier.
Knowledge of these structures and common terms used to describe movement also allows us to deliver proper explanation of therapeutic techniques in treatment and rehab of injuries.

8. Anatomy SUPERIOR: a structure that is higher than another.
The knee joint is superior to the
ankle joint.

9. Anatomy INFERIOR: a structure that lies below another.
The ankle joint is inferior to the knee joint

10. Anatomy
Anterior: The front of the body or structure. The abdominals are anterior to the muscles in the back.
Posterior: The back of the body or structure. The muscles of the back are posterior to the muscles in the stomach.

11. Anatomy
MEDIAL: A structure closer to the midline of the body or movement towards the midline. The chest is medial to the shoulders.
Lateral: a structure further away from the midline of the body or movement away from the midline. The shoulders are lateral to the chest.

12. Anatomy
PROXIMAL: The end of a structure of the extremities located closest to the trunk. The elbow is proximal to the hand.
DISTAL: The end of a structure of the extremities located farthest away from the trunk. The hand is distal to the elbow

13. Anatomy
DORSAL: top of the foot
PLANTAR: The bottom of the foot

14. Anatomy – The Skeletal System
The skeletal system, or skeleton is a
framework of bones designed for
Five important functions:
Protect organs and soft tissues
To give support to soft tissues
To facilitate the production of red blood cells
To act as a reservoir for minerals including phosphorus and calcium
To provide attachments for skeletal muscle, producing a lever system for body movement.

15. Anatomy – The Skeletal System

16. Anatomy – The Skeletal System
The human skeleton can be divided into two areas:
The Axial Skeleton which includes the head, neck, thorax and vertebral column

17. Anatomy – The skeletal System
The second part of the Skeletal System is the Appendicular skeleton, which includes the pelvis and bones of the upper and lower extremities.

18. Anatomy - Bones
The body contains 206 bones, which are all classified by their shape.
Long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones

19. Anatomy - Bones
Time now to look at the major bones of the skeletal system, as we will be using the appropriate terminology throughout the remainder of the unit. Starting with bones in the lower limbs.

20. Anatomy Pelvis: Male – less circular Narrower Female – less depth
Wider and shallower
Larger opening
Why?

21. Anatomy LEG: Femur – largest bone in the body
Strongest bone of the lower limbs
Posterior view (right)
Anterior view (left)

22. Anatomy
PATELLA:
“knee cap”
Helps make up the knee joint
Round bone

23. Anatomy Tibia and Fibula: Tibia – shin bone, on the right
Third bone to make up the knee joint
Fibula – lateral to the tibia
Along with tibia they help make up the ankle joint

24. Anatomy TARSALS: Small bones in the foot,
Also help make up the ankle joint

25. Anatomy Metatarsals and Phalanges:
Metatarsals are the bones between the tarsals and the phalanges (5 in total)
Phalanges – toes
Two phalanges on the big toe, and three phalanges on bones two through five. (14 in total)

26. Anatomy VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
The vertebral column id divided into five areas:
The cervical spine or neck (7 vertebrae)
Thoracic spine (12 vertebrae)
Lumbar, or lower back (5 vertebrae)
The sacrum has 5 bones that are fused into a single unit
Coccyx, or tailbone has 4 bones
In total there are 33 segments to the spine in 5 sections

27. Anatomy The major bones of the upper extremities: SCAPULA
“shoulder blade”
“wing” like bone in the back of the shoulder
Helps make up the shoulder joint

28. Anatomy CLAVICLE: This is your collarbone
This is in constant movement (with your breathing rate)
Second bone that helps make the shoulder joint

29. Anatomy: HUMERUS: Long, upper arm bone
Helps make shoulder and elbow joint
Anterior view on left
Posterior view on right

30. Anatomy RADIUS-ULNA: These are your forearm bones.
Radius is lateral to the ulna in the body’s anatomical position
These bones make up elbow joint proximally and wrist joint distally

31. Anatomy Carpals and Metacarpals:
Carpals make up wrist joint with the radius and the ulna
There 8 carpal bones
There are five metacarpal bones

32. Anatomy
Now can you label the skeleton?

33. Anatomy Joints and bones: Wrist – Radius, ulna, carpals
Elbow – Radius, ulna, humerus
Hip – pelvis, femur
Knee – femur, patella, tibia
Ankle – tibia, fibula, tarsals
Shoulder – Humerus, Scapula, Clavicle
Metacarpalphalageal – metacarpals, proximal phalange
Interphalangeal (finger joints)

34. Anatomy – Terms of movement
When describing human movement there is an anatomical “starting point” – the anatomical position. In this position all joints are considered to be in a neutral position, or 0 degrees, with no movement having occurred

35. Anatomy – Terms of movement
Abduction: think! To abduct means to take away.
Anatomy – Terms of movement
Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body

36. Anatomy –Terms of movement
Flexion: Decrease the angle formed by bones of the joint
Extension: Increasing of the joint angle. Returning a joint in flexion to the anatomical positions is considered extension

37. Anatomy –Terms of movement
Dorsiflexion: Raising the toe to the shin
Plantarflexion: Pointing the toe downward.

38. Anatomy – Terms of movement
Rotation:
Medial – towards the midline (internal)
Lateral – away from the midline (external)

39. Anatomy – Terms of movement
Supination:
Rotation of the palm so it faces upward
Pronation:
Rotation of the palm so it faces downward

40. Anatomy – Terms of movement
Inversion: sole of the foot turns inwards
Eversion: sole of the foot turns outwards

41. Anatomy – Joint movements
Wrist: Flexion, Extension, Pronation, Supination, Adduction, Abduction
Metacarphalangeal: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
Hip – Extension, Flexion, Adduction, Abduction, Internal and External Rotation
Ankle – Inversion, Eversion, Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion
Knee – Extension, Flexion

42. Anatomy – Group project
In groups of four, write down what movements occur with each of the following actions:
Start with anatomical position
Specify each joint
1. Walking
2. Kicking a soccer ball
3. Crossover skating
4. Setting a volleyball

43. Anatomy – Group project

44. Anatomy Joints (Articulations)
As mentioned before there are 206 bones in the human body (80 in the Axial Skeleton, and 126 in the Appendicular Skeleton). These bones are joined together by ligaments.
The number and strength of these ligaments around the body joints vary.
Ankle and hip – strong
Knee and shoulder – fewer and smaller ligaments: must rely on strength of surrounding muscles to stabilize joint.

45. Anatomy Three types of joints are present in the human body:
1. Fibrous Joints:
Very stable joint, with no observable movement
Bones are fused (I.e cranium – sutures of the skull

46. Anatomy 2. Cartilaginous Joints: Example: Intervertebral discs
Slight movement occurs, absorbs shock
Fibro-cartilage, or dense connective tissue, occupies the space between the bones, and provides for wear and tear, shock absorption.
With age, fibro-cartilage loses its resilience, causing the joint to be more susceptible to movement and injury

47. Anatomy 3. Synovial Joints:
Allows considerable movement – elbow and knee..
Movement occurs as a result of muscular contraction
Hyaline cartilage – smooth, elastic substance covering the ends of the bones, decrease friction and absorbs shock
A joint cavity provides space for movement of the bones and contains synovial fluid to lubricate cartilage.
Synovial membrane surrounds the joint capsule

48. Anatomy
The SIX most common and important types of SYNOVIAL Joints are:
a. Hinge Joint
Movement in one plane of motion.
Knee and elbow joints

49. Anatomy b. Ellipsoid Joint:
Movement in two planes of motion, or about two axes.
Wrist Joint

50. Anatomy c. Ball and Socket Joint
Movement in three planes of motion or about three axes. One bone has a concave surface that accommodates the spherical aspect of the other bone.
Hip and shoulder joints

51. Anatomy d. Gliding joints
Motion is sliding rather than rotation about an axis.
Sliding movement is not extensive
Bones of the foot.

52. Anatomy e. Saddle joint: Movement in two planes of motion.
One bone is positioned in an articular surface of the other bone.
Thumb joint

53. Anatomy f. Pivot Joint: Allows rotation in one plane (uni-axial).
A rounded point of one bone fits onto a groove of another.
Atlantoaxial Articular Joint

54. Anatomy – Joints of the body