1. Personality Development
a distinct and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual over time
Differing views:
Biological
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Trait
Social Cognitive

2. Personality Development
Biological
Focus is on the brain, neurochemistry and genetics.
Heritability
Researched through twin studies
Only accounts for approximately 50% of personality formation

3. Personality Development
Temperament refers to the basic disposition of a person and is biologically based
Three areas:
Emotionality
Activity
Sociability

4. Personality Development
Psychoanalytic
Unseen forces within the individual in the form of attachments, conflicts, and motivations, have far more power than our conscious intentions
Psychosexual in nature
Involves processes on three levels:
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

5. Personality Development
Psychoanalytic
Three parts of the structure of the personality: Id
Ego
Superego

6. Personality Development
Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Projection
Displacement
Reaction Formation
Regression
Denial
Rationalization
Sublimation

7. Personality Development
Psychoanalytic Stages of Development:
Oral stage (ages birth – 1 ½ )
Anal stage (ages 1 ½ - 3)
Phallic stage (ages 3 – 6)
Oedipus Complex
Electra Complex
Latency stage (ages 6-12)
Genital stage (adolescence)

8. Personality Development
Psychoanalytic (Neo-Freudian Theories)
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development
Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to age 11/2)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2 to 3)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 – 6)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 –12)
Identity vs. Identity (Role) Confusion (12 – 20)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (20 to 30)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (30 – 65)
Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

9. Personality Development
Humanistic
Emphasizes internal experiences (feelings and thoughts) and the individual’s own feelings of basic worth.
People are basically good and possess a positive drive toward self-fulfillment. (self actualization)
Each individual’s personality is created out of his or her unique way of perceiving and interpreting the world.

10. Personality Development
Humanistic: Carl Rogers
Self
the most important part of personality.
Self-concept
refers to all information and beliefs about oneself regarding ones nature, unique qualities and typical behaviors

11. Personality Development
Humanistic: Carl Rogers
Self-esteem
Part of one’s self concept involving our perception of our worth and value as an individual
Unconditional positive regard
acceptance of a person as they are, with no contingencies attached
Self Actualization

12. Personality Development
Humanistic: Abraham Maslow
Self-Actualization:
the innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behavior and results in the full realization of a person’s highest potential

13. Personality Development
Self-actualization needs
Need to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Etc., moving up the pyramid
Esteem needs
Need for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,
and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needs
Need to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid
loneliness and alienation
Safety needs
Need to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Physiological needs
Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

14. Personality Development
Trait
A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone
Gordon Allport
Cardinal Traits
Central Traits
Secondary Traits

15. Personality Development
Trait
The Big Five: (O.C.E.A.N.)
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

16. Personality Development
Social Cognitive
Each of us has a unique personality based on:
our individual history of interactions with the environment and the impact it has on us
how we think about our world and interpret what happens to us.

17. Personality Development
Social Cognitive: Albert Bandura
Reciprocal determinism: behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events interact to produce personality
Self-Efficacy: learned beliefs of one’s own capabilities to accomplish things
Observational Learning

18. Personality Development
Social Cognitive: Julian Rotter
External Locus of Control
Internal Locus of Control