1. AP Human Geography Mrs. Toxqui

2. About the Course
Course focuses on the relationship between humans and their physical environment
College-level course taught similarly to an introductory human geography course taught on a college campus
We get a year to cover the course instead of a semester
It’s offered to freshmen at YLHS, but the College Board does not consider it a “freshmen course”

3. Topics of Study Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives
Population and Migration
Agriculture, Food Production, and Rural Land Use
Cities and Urban Land Use
Industrialization and Economic Development
Cultural Patterns and Processes
Political Organization of Space

4. The AP Exam: Friday, 5/12/2017 Multiple-Choice
Free Response Question (FRQ)
75 questions
3 questions
60 minutes
75 minutes
50% of exam score

5. Reading a College-Level Textbook
Preview the text – read section heading, view any pictures/graphs/maps/charts/visuals, etc.
Skim the reading – look for the main ideas, key terms, etc.
Chunk the reading – try not to read more than 10 pages at a time.
Read. 
Go back and take notes on the reading. You might want to write vocabulary or key terms on index cards and use post-its to make annotations on the textbook. (Obviously, highlighting and writing in the book is preferable, but it is not an option here).
Review and summarize the reading.

6. Cornell Notes C – Step One: Create Format
O – Step Two: Organize Notes on the Right Side
R – Step Three: Review and Revise Notes
N – Step Four: Note Key Ideas to Create Questions
E – Step Five: Exchange Ideas by Collaborating
L – Step Six: Link Learning to Create a Summary
L – Step Seven: Learning Tool

7. Academic Writing Do Write clearly and concisely
Use proper spelling, grammar, syntax, etc.
Include relevant, factual information
Use academic vocabulary
Write in 3rd person
Use active voice
Don’t
Write more than is necessary
Use clichés, rhetorical questions, or exclamation points
Used overly biased language
Write in 1st or 2nd person
Use slang, texting lingo, etc.
Use passive voice

8. Tier 2: General Academic Words Tier 1: Words of Everyday Speech
Academic Vocabulary
Tier 3: Domain-
Specific Words
Academic Vocabulary
Tier 2: General Academic Words
Tier 1: Words of Everyday Speech

9. The FRQ Read the question and underline any verbs
Spend five minutes outlining your answer
Answer the question using complete sentences. Label each part of your answer the way it’s labeled in the prompt. Make sure to write clearly and concisely. Do not add extra information. You do not need an introduction or a conclusion.
Reread your answer and make sure you’ve answered the prompt completely and correctly.
Underline the key parts of your answer.

10. ESPeN
Economic
Political
Social
Environmental

11. Unit 1: Principles of Geography

12. I. Introduction to Geography

13. A. Five Themes of Geography
Location
Human-environment interactions
Region
Place
Movement

14. Brainstorm: Five Themes of Geography Responses can go in your notes.
List 2-3 examples for each of the themes of geography. You will work with your partner, but you should each have your own work written down.
Responses can go in your notes.

15. B. Human Geography 1. Two branches of geography: physical and human
2. Human geography focuses on the study of people, places, spatial variation in human activities, and the relationship between people and the environment

16. C. Maps as a Geographic Tool
1. Cartography is the art and science of making maps
a. Reference maps show locations of places and geographic features.
b. Thematic maps tell stories, typically showing some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon
2. Maps help geographers explain where and why.

17. II. Thinking Like a Human Geographer

18. A. Basic Concepts Geographers Use
Maps – geography relies on math
Place – a specific place on earth, characterized by its site and situation
Region – an area of the Earth with distinctive physical and cultural features
Scale – the relationship between a portion of the Earth shown on a map and the whole Earth
Space – the physical gap between two objects
Connections – relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

19. B. Scale Large vs. Small Scale
Map scales can be expressed verbally, as ratio or fraction, or graphically

20. Drawing Activity
Quickly sketch three different maps that would include YLHS. Each map must be at a different scale. Make sure your maps are in order from smallest to largest scale.
FYI: Mrs. Toxqui is not looking for you to be an expert cartographer (although, that would be cool)…the goal is to make sure we understand scale. 

21. C. Map Projections 1. Projection
a. Transferring locations on the earth’s surface to a flat map
2. Types of Distortion
a. Shape
b. Distance
c. Relative Size
d. Direction
Video Clip

22. C. Map Projections

23. D. Contemporary Geographic Tools
1. GIS: Geographic Information System
a. Computer system to capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data
2. Remote Sensing
a. Acquiring data about the Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the Earth or some other long-distance method
3. GPS: Global Positioning System
a. Determines the precise location of something on Earth

24. III. Uniqueness of Each Point on Earth

25. A. Place Site – the physical character of a place
Situation – location of a place relative to other places (relative locations)
Toponym – the name given to a place on Earth

26. Write, Pair, Share
In your notes, write about the site, situation, and toponym of your favorite city to visit outside of Orange County.
When Mrs. Toxqui says so, you will get up and find your “sole mate” (the person with shoes most similar to yours). Remain standing with your partner.
You will take turns sharing. Once you both have shared, you will sit down.

27. B. Absolute Location
1. Meridians are used to measure longitude (man-made)
2. Parallels are used to measure latitude (scientific)

28. C. Types of Regions
Formal Region (uniform region) – everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
Functional Region (nodal region) – organized around a node or focal point
Vernacular region (perceptual region)– a place that one believes is part of one’s cultural identity and comes from people’s informal sense of place, often using mental maps

29. Writing Break: Regions
Write at least one example of a formal region, functional region, and vernacular region (minimum of three examples).
Use complete sentences. Responses can go in your notes.

30. Brainstorm: Regions that include area near YLHS
In three separate columns, list three formal regions, three functional regions, and three vernacular regions that this school is located within. You must provide a written explanation for each of your choices.
You will work with a partner, but you should each have your own written responses. Responses can go in your notes.

31. IV. Space and Culture

32. A. Characteristics of Space
Distribution – the arrangement of a feature in space
Density – the frequency in which something occurs in space, often calculated arithmetically
Concentration – the spread of a feature over space, often used to describe changes in distribution
Pattern – the geometric arrangement of objects in space

33. B. Culture
Culture is an all-encompassing term that identifies not only the lifestyles of people but also their prevailing values and beliefs.
Cultural geographers identify a single attribute of a culture as a cultural trait.
A cultural hearth is an area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse.

34. C. Spatial Diffusion 1. Relocation
a. Occurs most frequently through migration
b. Involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation and carry it to a new place

35. C. Spatial Diffusion
2. Expansion – an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward
a. Hierarchical diffusion
b. Contagious diffusion
c. Stimulus diffusion

36. Writing Break: Diffusion
Write at least one example of relocation diffusion, contagious diffusion, hierarchical diffusion, and stimulus diffusion (minimum of four examples).
Use complete sentences. Responses can go in your notes.

37. D. Spatial Interaction
Tobler’s First Law of Geography states that everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things
Distance decay: the tapering off of a process, pattern, or event over a distance

38. D. Spatial Interaction
Distance decay is much less severe today than in the past because of time-space compression

39. D. Spatial Interaction
The gravity model predicts the interactions between people in different areas in the world.

40. E. Globalization 1. Globalization of the economy
a. Every place in the world is part of the global economy.
b. Globalization has lead to more specialization on the local level.
c. Globalization has increased economic differences among place.
2. Globalization of culture
a. Communication is easier due to technology
b. Makes people more culturally similar

41. V. Sustainability

42. A. Three Pillars of Sustainability
Environmental Pillar – managing natural resources
Social Pillar – using resources to meet human needs
Economic Pillar – the price of resources due to supply and demand

43. B. Humans and Their Environment
Environmental determinism holds that human behavior, individually and collectively, is strongly affected by—even controlled or determined by—the physical environment
Possibilism is the doctrine that the choices that a society makes depend on what its members need and what technology is available to them
19th century geographers argued for environmental determinism, while modern geographers embrace possibilism.