1. Ancient Egypt
The Gift of the Nile

2. WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION?

3. Neolithic Revolution

4. What is a society?
A group of people living together, dependent on one another, is a society.
There are no other requirements to make a society.
We are not studying societies in class this year.
We are studying civilizations.
Civilizations are a society in an advanced state of social
development.
What do we mean when we say an advanced state of social development?
There are 5 Key Elements that make a society advanced
enough to be considered a civilization.

5. Centralized Government
A person or group of people who make and enforce laws in a society.

6. What does Centralized mean?
Power must be concentrated in a central location and in the hands of a relatively small group of people.
In the United States, power is centralized in Washington, DC in the hands of the President, Congress, the Supreme Court and their representatives.

7. Organized Religion
A belief in some sort of higher being or beings. It must be organized, which means that there are specific rules
and requirements for worshipping.
(Clockwise from upper left) Islam, Taoism, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism

8. Job Specialization and Social Classes
Social classes are ways in which people are divided based on their social, economic, or educational status.
Job Specialization is when the members of a society have specific jobs to do and are not expected or required to do every job necessary to survive.

9. Arts, Architecture, and Infrastructure
Arts are a way that a society expresses its values and beliefs in a creative way such as painting, dancing, or playing music.
Architecture describes the ability of a society to design and build large structures.
Infrastructure are structures created by a government for the good of the common people, such as schools, roads, or parks.

10. A method of using symbols to keep records.
Writing
A method of using symbols to keep records.

11. 5 Key Elements of Civilization
Centralized Government
Organized Religion
Job Specialization and Social Classes
Arts, Architecture, and Infrastructure
Writing

12. By the end of this presentations be sure to describe Egypt’s 5 parts of civilization

13. Egyptian Timeline Old Kingdom (2700-2150) Middle Kingdom (2040- 1786)
Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt
pyramids built
Middle Kingdom ( )
extension of Egyptian control into Nubia
New Kingdom ( )
militaristic - Hebrews enslaved
mummification perfected 13

14. Outline Geography Religion Government Daily Life Middle Kingdom
Gods
Pyramids
Mummies
Government
The Pharaoh
Daily Life
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6 14

15. I. Geography River dominates Egyptian world/thought
Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis
Permits some trade
Defense from invasion
Contributes to feeling of safety
preserves artifacts 1 2 3 4 5 6 15

16. “Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus1 2 3 4 5 6 16

17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 17

18. I. The Nile yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion Encourages
Predictable
Irrigation systems
Encourages
Trade
Communication
Political unity 1 2 3 4 5 6 18

19. I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6

20. I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6 20

21. I. The Nile 21

22. I. The Nile Impact on religion divided life - living and dying.
East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples
West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs 1 2 3 4 5 6 22

23. II. Religion Omnipresence of religion Polytheistic
interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun
over 2000 gods
Pharaoh as living god
Afterlife
Evolution of who has an afterlife
Old vs. New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6 23

24. II. Osiris God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart1 2 3 4 5 6 24

25. II. Horus Horus, god of balance and harmony
maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. 1 2 3 4 5 6 25

26. Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats
II. Early Pyramids
Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 1 2 3 4 5 6 26

27. Why build Pyramids? Belief in the afterlife demanded:
Bodies be interred whole
Material goods for use in afterlife be present
The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs
First were mastabas
Then pyramids
Then later… hidden tombs

28. Mastaba

29. II. Great Pyramid Tomb for Khufu
an almost perfect square (deviation .05%)
Orientation is exactly North, South, East West
2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high
20 years to build
Average block weighs 2.5 tons
Some weigh 9 tons! 1 2 3 4 5 6 29

30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 30

31. 31

32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 32

33. Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu
Queen Pyramids in front 1 2 3 4 5 6 33

34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 34

35. II. Mummies Not known when it started in Egypt
Perfected by time of New Kingdom
How to make a mummy: 70 steps
1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards . 1 2 3 4 5 6 35

36. Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated 1 2 3 4 5 6 36

37. Mummy
Inner coffin 1 2 3 4 5 6 37

38. Second inner coffin lid1 2 3 4 5 6 38

39. Funerary Gifts
Gift bearers
Shawabti box
Model boat 1 2 3 4 5 6 39

40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 40

41. III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia Temporal power
owns all the land and people and what people posses
law vs. Pharaoh's will
irrigation
no city walls 1 2 3 4 5 6 41

42. III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia Religious
direct descendant of the Sun god
controls access to the afterlife
July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh
365 day calendar. 1 2 3 4 5 6 42

43. III. Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork1 2 3 4 5 6 43

44. IV. Daily Life in Egypt
Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs
main food is beer and bread
Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet
common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height
Four social classes - slaves on the bottom
Most common job … farming 1 2 3 4 5 6 44

45. IV. Farmers in Egypt 1 2 3 4 5 6 45

46. IV. Hieroglyphics Language is written without vowels
Different pronunciations
MNFR as Memphis
SR as Osiris
TTMS as either Thutmose, Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese
Who learns this writing style? 1 2 3 4 5 6 46

47. IV. Hieroglyphics Use in temples Rosetta Stone
Napoleon and Egyptology. 1 2 3 4 5 6 47

48. Egyptian Farmers & animals
IV. Egyptian Artwork
Stela (carved stone)
Egyptian Farmers & animals
Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you! 1 2 3 4 5 6 48

49. V. Middle Kingdom BCE
End of civil wars, farming and trade return
move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes)
public improvements
drain swamps, canal to Red Sea
belief in afterlife expands to include common people
tombs instead of pyramids
better protection for mummies. 1 2 3 4 5 6 49

50. V. Middle Kingdom BCE 1 2 3 4 5 6 50

51. VI. New Kingdom BCE
Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt
Known as the Empire period
development of “public” and “private” zones at temples. 1 2 3 4 5 6 51

52. Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos1 2 3 4 5 6 52

53. VI. New Kingdom BCE
Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature
incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses
development of a professional army
became a slave based economy fueled by war and expansion 1 2 3 4 5 6 53

54. VI. Threats to Tradition
Amenhotep IV (c B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm.
Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”)
He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavored to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes. 1 2 3 4 5 6 54

55. VI. Threats to Tradition 1355-1335 BCE
Nefertiti
Wife of Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism
political move against priests of Amon-Re
moved capital to Amarna
worshipped Aton, the sun disk
royal inbreeding. 1 2 3 4 5 6

56. VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE (King Tut) child ruler
ruled nine years, died at 18
young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation 1 2 3 4 5 6 56

57. VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) greatest New Kingdom ruler
military leader of Egypt
expanded into southern Turkey
built many monuments to himself
last gasp of Egyptian power. 1 2 3 4 5 6 57

58. VI. Ramses II ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 58

59. VI. Ramses II ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 59

60. Why did it last so long?
Ancient Egypt lasted for 3500 years due to factors in:
Geography
Politics
Social structure
Education
Economy
Religion
= Stability was goal and change slow and cautious