1. Industrial REVOLUTION
World History 3219
February 2017

2. Overview
For thousands of years following the Neolithic Revolution & rise of civilization, most people lived and worked in small farming villages.
When analyzing how people lived, most Europeans in 1700 had more in common with the ancient world than with us
However, a chain of events in the mid-1700s changed that way of life…this was the Industrial Revolution.

3. Overview
The Industrial Revolution was the process by which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machinery.
The changes it brought affected people’s lives as much as any political revolution. But unlike a political revolution, it happened gradually
By 1900, industrialization had spread from Britain throughout Europe and the USA transforming the West into the dominant region of the World
After the Neolithic Revolution, the Industrial Revolution is considered by many to be the most significant period of change in human history.

4. Life in 18th century Europe
Why was it like before the Industrial Revolution?
Daily life in pre-industrial times changed very little for Europeans
Majority of people lived & worked in rural area
most people worked the land using hand-made tools

5. Life in 18th century Europe
Why was it like before the Industrial Revolution?
From 1300 to 1750, for the average peasant, people’s work and social life mixed, as families lived on small plots of land, growing crops mostly for home consumption.
living in simple cottages lit by firelight & candles
Little travel from village (walking or horse-drawn cart)

6. Life in 19th century Europe
Major changes due to industrialization
Rural way of life gave way to industrial towns and cities
People were able to buy food and clothing produced by someone else
People could travel great distances, more rapidly by train or steamship
Messages were sent along telegraph wires
New inventions and scientific “firsts” were emerging to improve the lives of people
These changes would be even more stunning into the twentieth century

7. Pre-industrial economy
Prior to the 18th century Industrial Revolution, economic life was characterized by the following:
• primarily subsistence based;
• goods were produced on a small scale, normally by hand (e.g.,putting-out / cottage system); and
• there was little machinery, most of which was human or animal powered.

8. Subsistence
Prior to the 18th century, agriculture was much the same throughout Europe and had been since the Middle Ages with each villager subsistent farming their own strips of land
Subsistence farming is when a farmer only grows enough food, or earns enough from his crop, to meet the basic needs of his family

9. Putting out / Cottage Industry
Rural industry was a major pillar of European economic life prior to the Ind Rev
Prior to the Ind Rev, and even during its early years, entrepreneurs provided poor families with raw materials for spinning, weaver, and garment making in their own homes
This was the Cottage Industry

10. Putting out / Cottage Industry
The Cottage Industry, used to produce inexpensive cotton goods, involved the following:
Spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton
Weavers wove the cotton thread into cloth on looms
A series of tech innovations in the 18th century made the cottage industry inefficient

11. Little Machinery,
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, wind, water, tide and muscle - both animal and human - provided sources of energy which neither caused pollution nor depleted finite natural resources.
The muscle-power of both men and animals has been used to drive machines since ancient times

12. The Changing nature of work
In the mid – 1700s, an Industrial Revolution began in Britain that transformed the way work was done
Rather than making goods by hand, new machines mass- produced products which lowered costs, increased profits, & changed the way people lived
Britain’s industrialization occurred following innovations in agriculture and power generation

13. Agricultural Revolution
In the 18th century, Britain experienced rapid changes in agriculture centering on the following:
New foods
Crop rotation
Technology innovations
Livestock Breeding Techniques
Enclosure movement

14. New Foods The Columbian Exchange had created a revolution in diet
New foods from the New World became increasingly available in the 17th & 18th centuries
Potatoes & corn were among the most important (highly nutritious, cheap & relatively easy to grow)
contributed to improved diets & a healthier population

15. Crop Rotation
Before Charles Townshend developed crop rotation, farmers left a field fallow
Fallow meant a field wasn’t farmed for a period of time in order to restore its fertility
Fallow decreased production
By using crop rotation, Townshend increase production and the different crops would replenish the nutrients in the soil
It increased the food for humans & animals

16. Improved farming techniques
New tech led to improved farming methods
Iron ploughs emerged to replace wooden ones
Seed drills led to more efficient planting which resulted in high crop yields
Mechanical harvesters emerged to increase production

18. Livestock Breeding Techniques
Livestock breeders improved their methods too creating larger and healthier animals.
In the 1700s, for example, Robert Bakewell increased his mutton (sheep meat) output by allowing only his best sheep to breed.
Between 1700 and 1786, the average weight for lambs climbed from 18 to 50 pounds.
Other farmers followed Bakewell’s lead with cattle and other livestock

19. Enclosure movement
Enclosure is when land that was traditionally held and used in common is fenced by private owners.
Enclosure in England occurred between 1750 & 1860 as a result of parliamentary acts.

20. Enclosure movement
This resulted in larger, more efficient farms that required less labor.
Many English peasants, who were no longer able to graze sheep and cattle or live off the land, were forced to move to the cities for employment.

21. From Agricultural to Industrial
With more food there were constant improvements in diets / health / life span
Led to population increases (a sharp increase of from 1801 to by over 22 million).
More population led to new demands for manufactured products

22. From Agricultural to Industrial
Without the Agricultural Revolution, the growing population of England would have starved, and the Industrial Revolution would have been stifled.
With more efficient farming methods / practices, & the enclosure movement, a large labour force was created to work in British industry…..many people moved to cities look for work

23. From Agricultural to Industrial

24. Textiles Industrialize First
The Industrial Revolution that started in Britain was spurred by a revolution in technology
It started in the textile industry, where inventions in the late 1700s transformed the manufacture of cloth
The demand for clothing in Britain had greatly increased as a result of the population boom caused by the agricultural revolution
The factory system replaced the cottage industry
Progress in the textile industry spurred other industrial developments

26. Complete the following Worksheets
The following activities will help you gain a better understanding of the events surrounding the industrialization of Great Britain between 1750 – 19th century
16: Changes in the Textile Industry (textbook)
16: Improvements in Transportation (textbook)
16: What were the main industrial changes during the Industrial Revolution?
16: Historical Significance (textbook)