1. How are places created through place making processes?
Key Idea 5a: Place is produced in a variety of ways at different scales.
Learning Objectives:
To understand how town planners and architects contribute to place making.

2. Gateshead Millennium Bridge
Identify the images below.
Research what contribution these structures make to the identity of the place in which they are located.
The Shard - The Shard's influence already extends beyond the boundaries of its site, and Southwark council is bullish about making Bermondsey what Fiona Colley, council cabinet member for regeneration, calls "London's third business district", after the City and the West End.
Gateshead - In 1996 Gateshead Council launched a competition to find a bridge that would link developments on both sides of the River Tyne and also complement the existing six bridges crossing the river - Allowed ships to pass underneath; Did not overshadow the world famous view of the existing bridges; Didn't obstruct the Quayside
Sydney Opera House - The Sydney Opera House is Australia's most recognisable building and is an icon of Australia's creative and technical achievement. It is placed right at the end of Bennelong Point, juxtaposed to the harbour and completely to scale in relation to the Harbour Bridge, the sandstone cliff face, Macquarie Street and Circular Quay. Viewed from a ferry, from the air, or by approach on foot, the vision is dramatic and unforgettable.
Petronas Towers - the Petronas Towers are part of a well-executed scheme to convince the world that the country of Malaysia, as embodied by its capital, KL, is as modern and advanced as the towers themselves. 
Gateshead Millennium Bridge
Sydney Opera House
Petronas Towers
The Shard

7. Why is design important when making places?
It can reflect the history and culture of the place.
Design can also influence how our lives are lived.
However some places can lead to crime, vandalism, high maintenance costs, poor health and a feeling of isolation for those living in them.
Design that pleases people and works well tends to be valued and cared for.

8. Between 1950 and 1980, the UK faced a huge housing shortage due to a rapidly growing population and the fact that many inner city areas, the housing stock was either destroyed or badly damaged in the war. This led to planners and architects designing cheap, system-built housing e.g. tower blocks of flats.
These structures created places that often had a negative image.

9. Hulme, Inner city, Manchester
Orchard Park, Hull
Park Hill, Sheffield

10. Tasks: 1. Annotate the picture to describe and explain why these tower blocks are poorly designed and create a negative place.. Consider play areas; size of dwelling; lifts; gardens; location. 2. Can you suggest a more appropriate design?

11. Tasks: 1. Annotate each picture to describe and explain why the design of these buildings is positive. Consider location; parking spaces; environment; sustainable features; cycle lanes; bike locks etc.

12. Exam Style question:
Give 2 examples of how architecture can lead to negative placemaking and 2 examples of where it has led to positive placemaking. (4 marks).

13. The 24-hour city: “Cities that never sleep”1 2 3 4
Paris
Berlin
New York
Madrid 6 7 5
New Orleans
Cairo
Mumbai

14. What do you think is meant by the term ’24 hour city’?
Planners and architects are developing ideas that support and promote the 24 hour city e.g.
Night bus routes.
24 hour underground lines.
McDonalds and other fast food restaurants open 24 hours.
24 hour gyms.
24 hour supermarkets.

15. The 24 hour city…
Describe the changes that happen in an urban place in a 24 hour period

16. London is becoming a 24 hour city
For the global city that it is, London has long lagged behind 24-hour metropolises such as New York and Berlin. Now it is catching up.

17. WHY IS LONDON BECOMING A 24 HOUR CITY?
1. Population change
WHY IS LONDON BECOMING A 24 HOUR CITY?
London’s population has been rising since the mid-1980s. In particular in the central areas where large numbers of young professional people have taken up residence.
Between 2001 and 2011 London’s population grew by 14% overall and by 16% in the inner city.
2. Tourism
 In 2013 London attracted 44% more tourists than a decade earlier and the proportion of foreign residents, including those from countries with a tradition of late-night merrymaking, such as Spain, has grown.
3. Shift work
 There is an increasing number of people working shifts. Transport for London reckons half of all night-bus passengers are commuting to or from work.

18. How is London changing in to a 24-hour city?
Task: Use page 180 and your own research to explain how planners and architects are promoting the 24-hour city in London. Think about transport, retail, leisure and perception of the city.
Remember to use statistics to support your reasons.