1. Industrial Revolution

2. The Great Inventions Balloons – in 1783 by Mont Golfor (France)
Steam Engine – 1765 – James Watt (England)
Steel – 1858 – Bessemer (England)
Electric Battery – 1807 – Volta
Elevator – 1852 – Otis (America)
Electric Welding – 1869 – Thompson (America)

3. Technical progress and its influence
rapid economic population growth
Development took place in a great speed
Material played an important role in architecture
Materials and Process were new and building had to adopt a quicker phase at site
Prefabrication of components with new materials like steel started
New types of buildings

4. Technical progress and its influence
An engineer became an architect (Boulton)
An inventor became an architect (Watt) – steam engine
A gardener became an architect (Paxton) – Crystal Palace
Abraham Darby – the first man to produce cast iron built a cast iron bridge near his factory in Coal Brook Dale
The commercial Railway network started in 1825 in Britain
Cast iron replaced stone and wood

5. Changed the social and economic patterns of life
First in Britain, then Europe, N. America and throughout the world
Modern time starts with the birth of Industrial Revolution
The Great Exhibitions held in London (1851) and in Paris (1889) - triumphs of Industrial Architecture

6. The factories, workshops, depots, covered markets, ware houses - result of economic and functional necessity
All structures - functional and had no impressive features for exterior

7. MODERN MATERIALS
Bridges and Buildings

8. Modern Materials 19th century engineers
main interest - construction, not ostentation or ornamentation.
American, British and French engineers used iron and glass in daring and imaginative ways
They flooded building interiors with light. They used iron in new ways, to support vaulted roofs with slender, delicate piers.

9. Iron and Glass cast iron - as an important building material.
Its importance was due to 4 main factors.
It was cheap.
It was much more fire resistant than wood.
It supported heavy loads.
It was easy to manufacture.

10. Iron Bridge, England by Abraham Darby, 1779
first cast iron bridge in the world
1779 over the river Severn
Iron Bridge - based on timber construction

12. Iron Bridge, England

15. Architectural applications of iron and steel

16. The Palm House, London Richard Turner, 1848
at Kew Gardens, near London - fine use of iron and glass
curved exterior surfaces
slender frames
very thin mullions
so the building was a success – light and airy with glass roof

17. Palm House, Kew Gardens, London, England, 1848 – Richard Turner
Palm House, Kew Gardens, London, England, 1848 – Richard Turner. Six stories high at the center, constructed entirely of iron and glass. All the roofs are curved, and inside are high balconies and spiral staircases of iron.

19. Contribution of Great Exhibitions
Two Great Exhibitions
London – 1851 – Crystal Palace
Paris – 1889 – Machine Hall and Eiffel Tower
Great World Fairs conducted to celebrate industry, commerce and arts
organized by the business world under the royal patronage
dedication to the developments of industrial capitalism

20. Contribution of Great Exhibitions
To house numerous exhibitors (whose exhibits ranged from simple tools to railway engines and power looms) huge pavilions had to be erected.
had to be erected quickly and to be dismantled easily
as cheap as possible
So steel and glass used in the form of prefabricated components
contributed a new building type

21. The Crystal Palace erected for the 1st World Fair in 1851
Prince Albert Henry Cole - to erect the largest building in the world
Designed by Joseph Paxton
Paxton originally a gardener
famous for his self-taught – green houses
prefabricated elements and erected on site
landmark of architectural design, anticipating later industrial construction

22. The Crystal Palace
huge transparent box like structure which was glittering from exterior like a
crystal.
It measures nearly 1851’ long and 360’ wide covering a minimum of 98,000 sq.m.
Central transept is high enough to accommodate the Hyde Park elms
First it was erected in Hyde Park. It was dismantled and rebuilt in Sydenham Hill after some time. It was destroyed by fire in 1936.

28. Paris Exhibition – 1889 The Machine Hall The Eiffel Tower
size and political significance.
by the Third Republic to celebrate the centenary of 1789 revolution
to assert to the Europe about the power and ideals of France
A site was selected at the end of Champ-de-Mars alongside of the Ecole military

29. The Machine Hall

30. The Machine Hall
Victor Contamin and Charles Louis Ferdinand

31. The Machine Hall huge covered shop to exhibit all machineries
without any obstructions inside
Free from supports at centre and should be totally lighted
425x115 meters (1380x380ft.)
A structure of 20 huge steel arches established a central nave and two side aisles
Free vast area and uninterrupted covered space

32. The Machine Hall
The arches - span of 115m (380ft) shrunk into thin points at their base
side aisles (gallery) at an elevated level
Working machines kept as exhibits
destroyed by fire in 1900

33. The Eiffel Tower Most popular building of 1889 exhibition.
symbolic and size
Idea - 300m tower was then circulating in Europe and America (1000 ft)
The Third Republic - as a good idea -to impress the visitors
A competition was held
Gustave Eiffel’s design won
Eiffel started his design in 1884

34. The Eiffel Tower businessman and industrialist
himself supervised the construction
supplied the metal elements from his own factory
invested in the project
The total height of this tower is 300m (984ft)
triumph of mathematical calculation and site organization

35. The Eiffel Tower
Lower part with huge perforated arches on all four sides between four legs
Today a landmark for Paris city

38. ARCHITECTURAL CRITICISM
The progress of industry and commerce in particularly the development of the railway and of commercial distribution centers required a new type of public buildings
The literature and criticism had a greater influence on architecture
John Ruskin’s the world famous articles such as:
Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849)
Lamp of Truth
The Stones of Venice
Architectural Criticism (1870)