Unit 5 Research Project referral 2

Unit 5 Research Project referral 2
Worthing College Sports Science Georgia Short 2015

Assessment Criteria Pages 3-17 & 27-38
P2: carry out sport science or exercise science-based research P3: collect and record data from the research project conducted M2: correctly analyse collected data, describing techniques used D1: correctly analyse data, explaining techniques used P4: produce a full research report using a standard scientific structure

P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
To investigate the affect of lower body flexibility on speed for year old female football or rugby, participation or performance level athletes P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Abstract The aim of the investigation was to investigate the affect of lower body flexibility on speed for year old female football or rugby, participation or performance level athletes. Lower body flexibility measurements and speed measurements were obtained from 8 female footballers and 8 female rugby players all aged between The measurements obtained were from a sit and reach test, and the ROM of the ankle and knee joints by the use of a goniometer. Results indicate increase in lower body flexibility decreases speed with the strongest component for both sports being the hip flexibility ( ) There was also found to be differences between the sports with total knee and ankle ROM having a greatest effect on footballers with nearly no effect on rugby players (-0.055). Results show there may be a need for specific flexibility training for the different sports. Therefore the implications for further research are that women’s sports are a priority area for research, looking into flexibility and speed. P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Contents: General Page 3- Aim Page 4- Abstract Page 5- Contents: General Page 6- Contents: Appendices Page 7- Contents: Figures and Table Page 8- Acknowledgements Page 9- Introduction Page 10- Literature Review and References Page 11- Project Hypothesis Page 12- Method Page 13- Data Collection Page 14- Data Analysis Page 15- Results Page 16- Discussion Page 17- Conclusion Page 18- Assessment Criteria Page 19- Review 1/3 Page 20- Review 2/3 Page 21- Review 3/3 Page 22- Future Recommendations 1/5 Page 23- Future Recommendations 2/5 Page 24- Future Recommendations 3/5 Page 25- Future Recommendations 4/5 Page 26- Future Recommendations 5/5 Page 27- Appendix P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Contents: Appendices Page 27- Appendix Title Page Page 28- Appendix 1 (standardised instructions general) Page 29- Appendix 2 (standardised instructions goniometer test) Page 30- Appendix 3 (standardised instructions sit and reach test) Page 31- Appendix 4 (standardised instructions flying 30 metre sprint) P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Contents: Figures and Tables
Page 32- Figures and Tables Page 33- Figures and Tables 1 (chart of all data) Page 34- Figures and Tables 2 (The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (All)) Page 35- Figures and Tables 3 (The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (Footballers)) Page 36- Figures and Tables 4 (The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (Rugby Players)) Page 37- Figures and Tables 5 (The Effect of Total Knee ROM on Speed (All)) Page 38- Figures and Tables 6 (The Effect of Total Ankle ROM on Speed (All)) Page 39- Figures and Tables 7 (Lower Body Flexibility Effect on Speed (All)) Page 40- Figures and Tables 8 (Lower Body Flexibility Effect on Speed (Footballers)) Page 41- Figures and Tables 9 (Lower Body Flexibility Effect on Speed (Rugby Players)) P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Acknowledgements I would like to thank my participants for taking part in the research. I would also like to thank Brooke Marshall and Phoebe Thorpe for assisting me in collecting my data. This project would not have been possible with out them. P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Introduction My aim is to investigate the affect of lower body flexibility on speed for year old female football or rugby participation or performance level athletes I chose to do this aim as I am interested in the results and how this may benefit football and rugby players because I have access to these players and wanted to help benefit my friends game; whether she needs more or less lower body flexibility. The project timescale was that the research and literacy review were completed by 27th February, the testing by mid- March and the final write up completed by 27th March P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Literature Review and References
My literacy review can be found here P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Project Hypothesis The more lower body flexibility a person has overall, the slower they will be. Flexibility in the hip will have the greatest effect on speed for both sports compared to the total ROM in the knee and ankle. The football girls will show a stronger correlation with lower body flexibility than the rugby girls. P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Method I will be using opportunity sampling to recruit my participants for my research; this will be 8 female footballers and 8 female rugby players, all aged between and of participation or performance level. I will not be getting my participants to take a PARQ test before carrying out two kinds of flexibility tests and a speed test; this is because they are all currently training/playing and therefore it can be assumed they are fit and healthy for testing. I will read a set of standardized instructions to the participants so they are clear as to what I’m measuring and how they are to conduct the test (see appendix 1) My first flexibility test will be measuring the flexibility at the ankle and then the knee by using a goniometer. This will measure the difference between full extension and full flexion at the joints. The goniometer standardized instructions will be read to the athlete (see appendix 2) The other flexibility test will be a sit and reach test which will determine flexibility at the hips, this is a maximal test and therefore will be conducted three times and the best score taken. (see appendix 3) I will then also be carrying out a simple sprint test; standing start, over 30 meters. This will be completed three times, and the average score taken. (see appendix 4) I will then put all data into excel and by creating a range of graphs in order to make comparisons. The initial testing of all tests will be completed and typed up by the 13th of March. The graphs and comparisons will be made by the 18th of march. My write up will be completed by the 27th of March. P3: Collect and record / M2: Correctly analyse & describe techniques / D1: Correctly analyse & explain techniques

Data Collection I will be collecting primary data, firstly, by myself or my assistant conducting laboratory based experiments and collecting the flexibility tests; recording the results on paper. We will then conduct field based experiments to record the best speed from three tests of each of these participants over a 30m sprint from standing start. The sprint data I collect will be continuous and will be recorded to two decimal places. We take the best because the sprint test is a maximal test. As this is all numerical data, it is quantitative and easy to make comparisons. I will later collate my data within excel spreadsheet. I am collecting comparative and nominal data as I will be comparing the two groups of footballers and rugby players. All my data collated together overall will be ordinal. P3: Collect and record / M2: Correctly analyse & describe techniques / D1: Correctly analyse & explain techniques

Data Analysis By using the best speed score from 3 attempts (because the sprint test is a maximal test) I will firstly compare this to the flexibility scores as a whole. By collating the data into an excel spread sheet and creating a scatter graph I will conduct a line of best fit. Then I will compare each component of flexibility separately and I will be looking to see which component lower body flexibility has the greatest effect on speed. Finally I will use the scatter graph to compare the flexibility and speed to see if there is a difference between rugby and football players. P3: Collect and record / M2: Correctly analyse & describe techniques / D1: Correctly analyse & explain techniques

Results All results have been typed up and can be viewed as a chart. (See figure and table 1). After creating graphs for each of my objectives to give a visual view and then have calculated the line of regression for each of my objectives. The line of regression models the relationship between the x and y variables, this shows how far the points are from the trend line (line of best fit). This allows me to compare each component to see the relationship it has with speed. A perfect correlation would give a score of +/- 1, a strong score of +/- 0.8/0.9, medium around +/ , weak from +/ A score of 0 is no correction whatsoever. LINE OF REGRESSION SCORES The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (All) (See figure and table 2) The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (Footballers) (See figure and table 3) The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (Rugby Players) (See figure and table 4) The Effect of Total Knee ROM on Speed (All) (See figure and table 5) The Effect of Total Ankle ROM on Speed (All) (See figure and table 6) Hip Flexibility Effect on Speed (All) (See figure and table 7) Hip Flexibility Effect on Speed (Footballers) (See figure and table 8) Hip Flexibility Effect on Speed (Rugby Players) (See figure and table 9) P3: Collect and record / M2: Correctly analyse & describe techniques / D1: Correctly analyse & explain techniques

Discussion All results gained were negative, this shows that all components have an effect on speed, the greater the flexibility an athlete has cause a decrease in speed of the athlete, although some components have a much stronger regression line than others. This wasn’t expected after carrying out research and completing my literacy review. I was expecting positive correlations between all components of flexibility and speed. The results indicate that total knee and ankle flexibility has the greatest effect on footballers speed. There was a medium negative correlation of between the two. The more flexible the football player is the faster they are. However total knee and ankle flexibility had the least correlation between all aspects on the rugby players showing near to no correlation at all, This shows there are significant differences between the sports. The sit and reach test, measuring flexibility in the hip shows a medium negative correlation against speed. Again there are differences between the two sports however there is less of a difference. The Rugby players showed a weak negative correlation, this indicates that hip flexibility has a greater effect on their speed than total knee and ankle ROM. The component of flexibility that had the greatest effect on speed for both rugby and footballers was the lower body component which was what I expected to find. However it only had the greatest effect on rugby players when looking at the sports separately. P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Conclusion My aim was to investigate the affect of lower body flexibility on speed for year old female football or rugby, participation or performance level athletes. From looking at my literacy review I was expecting to find that the more flexible the athletes lower body was the slower they would be. However I found a negative correlation between flexibility and speed meaning that the more flexible the athlete was the faster they were, which is the opposite of what I found in the literacy review. The literacy review supports my hypothesis however my testing does not. My results support my second hypothesis as a general however when broken down to separate sports only supports the rugby players. It also has shown the hip flexibility has the strongest correlation on speed in general. Because my third hypothesis is non-directional towards which way the correlation will be strongest; my hypothesis is therefore supported by my results; total ROM for knee and ankle had a much greater difference than lower body flexibility even though both were stronger for footballers than rugby players. P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Assessment Criteria Pages 19-26
P5: carry out a review of the research project conducted, describing strengths, areas for improvement and future recommendations. M3: carry out a review of the research project, explaining strengths, areas for improvement and future recommendations. D2: carry out a review of the research project, justifying future recommendations for further research.

P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify
Review (1/3) I think that the project conclusions met the project aim quite well. I was able to gain results for all my hypotheses and my objectives even if they were not what I was expecting. My first objective was to find the body component which had the greatest effect on speed and this was the lower body flexibility; obtained by from the sit and reach test. (-0.466) My second objective was to see the effect total lower body flexibility had, there was a for total knee and ankle ROM which was a weak correlation, showing a slight relationship with speed. The third objective was to see if there was a difference between rugby and football players. I found more than one difference after conducting the tests. Flexibility of the ankle and the knee has a much stronger correlation to footballers (-0.523) then to rugby players , who have almost no correlation(-0.055). There was also slight differences between lower body flexibility and speed between the sports however this was less significant. P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

Review (2/3) The strengths of the research project were that I made sure the ROM tests in the ankle and knee were conducted in the same manner. There was various ways to conduct these test but to make sure I got the most accurate results I made sure all the athletes were given a set of standardized instructions (see appendix 2) Another strength of the research project was that the sit and reach test was conducted three times and because it was a maximal test the highest score was taken. I think that the whole research project is both valid and reliable. It is valid because I was able to measure what I set out to and reliable as I believe with the method and standardized instructions would easily be followed to gain the same results. P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

Review (3/3) One area of improvement for this research project would be to break down the flexibility tests more to see if there are specific muscles which have the greatest effect. This would allow more research into each area. I would also make sure that the sprint test was carried out three times as it is maximal test and I didn’t have enough time to do this. I took the tests before training sessions and therefore was on a time limit. The goniometer tests took a long time and therefore the sprint test were only conducted once. I would also use a flying sprint test as I don’t think 30 metres was long enough to get an accurate measure of the athletes true maximum speed. I would monitor the warm up more accurately as the footballers went about the warm up in a different way to the rugby girls. This would improve the reliability of the research in the future. P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

Future Recommendations (1/8)
If the project was to be completed again I would use more participants, I think that 16 participants was okay as this was a primary study. It allowed me to look for significance without wasting too much time or money however as there was trends found it should be repeated on a wider scale. The further research would allow the researchers to conduct more tests to see if there are any stronger relationships between certain aspects of lower body flexibility and speed. I would look into the different positions the participants play and see whether this effects the type and amount of flexibility or speed required. Although my research was sport specific, certain positions on each team require the athletes to utilize different skills; the goal keeper for example needs flexibility, however doesn’t need to move round the pitch to make attacks. This would benefit the research as it would make it more representative to the population as there would be a wider range of ethnicity's and races looked at. It would benefit sports as a whole as the research may indicate that certain races of people may be more suited towards different sports, they could then focus on these areas of sports from a younger age. P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

The benefits of the proposed changes would make the research more accurate. The more participants there are the more representative of the population, gender, ethnicity and age can all effect the results and the more participants the research has the more true the statistical analysis is. By having more results you would be able to see if there is an optimum lower body flexibility level; the graph may plateau at a certain number. However there may also be results that indicate that after the optimum level, athletes speed starts to increase again and flexibility has the opposite effect. Although my research was sport specific, certain positions on each team require the athletes to play using different skills; the goal keeper for example needs flexibility, however doesn’t need to move round the pitch to make attacks. This would allow the researchers to compare the ROM needed for certain positions and may lead to different position sessions, highly specific and focus sessions being conducted within a sport. By looking into certain positions this would benefit the players and coaches as they could know more specifically what area of flexibility to focus on for the different sports and positions. It would benefit them by allowing specific training plans for the type of sport and position played to be more specific. With the research the managers could use it when making squad selections team selections by looking at the flexibility the athletes already have, and then know what role they are more suited to. P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

A future recommendation would be to conduct the research on boys. By carrying out the research with the same variables would enable researchers to identify the differences between aspiring male and female athletes. The control variable would have to be kept the same this includes the same population; athletes of participation/performer level, rugby/footballers and of age 16-20, the same variables and the same measures. This would allow researchers to see if there are any specific gender differences. It could show how flexibility affects the different genders in different ways and lead to different training sessions being planner for the different genders. By looking in to gender differences this would benefit players and coaches. If results showed clear differences between the genders then they would be able to create specific training programs which were aimed at the different genders P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

Another future recommendation that would benefit the research would be looking into a wider variation of sports. This would allow researchers to compare track, racket and aesthetic sports instead of just field based contact sports. There may be patterns within sports that would be interesting to look at and show trainers how much flexibility training young aspiring athletes should be taking part in. This research may also lead to flexibility tests of a young age to see what sport what be most suitable to the athletes. By looking at how flexibility affects speed in different sports, and whether it is an important factor would benefit a wide range athletes. They would be able to see whether they require certain lower body flexibility and how much it affects their sport. They could start training certain aspects of flexibility from a younger age, or even cut flexibility aspects of training completely. P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

My final future recommendation for this project would be to look at a range of age group variations. As people age, the tissue around joints tends to thicken, this can decrease the joint's range of motion; even though speed increases as we age. It would be interesting to look to see if there is an optimum age where flexibility has a positive effect on the speed of an athlete and whether the causes a decrease. This would benefit a wider range of ages and may show that there are optimal levels of flexibility depending on age. This would indicate what age in the athletes training they need to focus more specifically on flexibility and when they can concentrate less on it and more on other factors. The players would benefit from the knowledge and the coaches would benefit when planning their session looking to improve there athletes performance, increasing chances of winning. The athletes at a young age would benefit by knowing whether flexibility is an important factor as often for more aggressive sports it gets forgotten about. P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

Another future recommendation would be to looked at the other joints and if flexibility in them would affect speed. This would allow researchers to identify whether speed is specifically affected to lower body flexibility or flexibility as a whole. This would benefit athletes by indicating what aspect of flexibility they need to train. The players would benefit from the knowledge and the coaches would benefit when planning their session looking to improve there athletes performance, increasing chances of winning.

I would recommend using more specialised equipment when conducting this research again. I would also make sure that more readings were taken so that the results were more accurate and reliable. By having specialised equipment the results will be more precise, this would benefit the researchers as it would mean that there research was more valid and would have less gaps, making it more likely to be validated by peer review. This would allow the coaches to create training programs knowing that the research is correct and that training/not training flexibility was beneficial to the athletes. This would also allow other researchers to carry out investigations into the area knowing that previous results were valid and reliable.

When carrying out the research in the future a further recommendation would be to use an alternative method of data analysis. I would suggest using the line of regression as well as or alternatively using Spearman's rank correlation. This would benefit the research as it gives another set of results that can be compared, as it is a more precise and accurate method of analysis. When making judgements of the significance that lower body flexibility has on speed, the results would be more accurate and therefore valued. By using a nonparametric test the advantage is that, in this instance, no assumption has been made about the likely distribution of results. This could cause an increase in strength of the research and is a benefit for the researcher. This would also benefit the coaches as they can see the significance and know whether to increase specific flexibility training or not.

Research Project Appendices

Appendix 1 Standardised instructions:
I will be conducting 3 different tests on you today. The first will be goniometer tests, this is on both knees and ankles, and will measure the range of movement (ROM) in the joints. The second will be a sit and reach test, this is to measure your lower body flexibility. The third is a 30metre sprint. Before conducting the tests you will need to complete a short warm up, this is to prevent injury.

Appendix 2 Standardised Instructions: Goniometer Tests The goniometer test will be conducted on both knees and ankles. It requires measuring full extension and full flection at the joints. I will firstly require you to stand up straight, with feet flat on the floor, this will allow me to measure full extension at the knees. I will then require you to lay on your front and kick your knees back as far as possible, this will allow me to record your full flection. For the ankles you will sit flat on the ground, removing shoes as they restrict the movement, you will then point your toes, I will measure the full extension of both ankles. Then you pull your toes back towards your body and hold, this will allow me to measure full flection.

Appendix 3 Standardised Instructions: Sit and Reach You need to sit with your legs fully extended on the ground and your feet placed flat against the edge of the sit and reach box. Place both hands together and slowly stretch over and slide your hands along the top of the box. My assistant or I will record your score. Complete this three times.

Appendix 4 Standardised Instructions: 30m standing start sprint test You will stand at the first cone and be given the commands on your marks, get set, go. On the command go, the assistant will start the stopwatch simultaneously as you sprint to the cone on the other side. You will then get a 1 minute rest before completing the test again. You will complete the sprint test a total of three times and your fastest score will be taken.

Research Project Figures and Tables

Figures and Tables 1 Name Sport Right Side Left Side
Combined Knee ROM (deg) Combined Ankle ROM (deg) Total Knee and Ankle ROM (deg) Standing Start 30m Sprint (secs) Sit and Reach (cm) Knee Ankle Extension (deg) Flexion (deg) ROM (deg) Brooke Football 182 56 126 142 86 55 127 166 68 98 253 154 407 4.01 20 Phoebe 188 60 128 160 82 78 186 52 134 155 84 71 262 149 411 4.5 Helena 179 101 145 47 180 74 106 152 97 207 102 309 5.43 13 Katie 64 116 135 90 45 63 117 36 233 81 314 4.51 16 Pippa 181 73 108 95 57 109 153 96 217 114 331 4.31 22 Dani 61 119 85 67 59 121 162 77 240 144 384 25 Caz 120 146 103 148 223 342 4.13 Hannah 118 131 41 65 89 46 234 87 321 4.35 7 Maddy Rugby 80 99 238 177 415 4.28 157 125 69 246 388 4.81 31 Becky 38 150 83 39 141 94 283 130 413 27 Elise 140 92 48 183 62 248 343 4.52 17 Ashleigh 122 88 243 112 355 4.1 28 Alice 58 244 124 368 3.73 Harmony 245 363 4.76 14

Figures and Tables 2

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