1. Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4, Section 4 pp

2. Carbon Compounds
Most carbon compounds are considered organic compounds.
Organic compounds are covalent compounds containing CARBON, and usually hydrogen
Why Carbon?
Carbon atoms contain 4 valence electrons
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, so it can form very large molecules

3. Large carbon compounds
Single carbon compounds are called monomers
Single carbon compounds tend to attach to each other to form larger molecules called polymers
So: monomer + monomer = polymer

4. Large Carbon Compounds with Analogy (in this analogy assume that the ATOMS are similar to LETTERS)
Monomers are simple carbon molecules
“mono” = one (Ex. one word)
Polymers are molecules made of many monomers (monomer + monomer = polymer)
“poly” = many (Ex. a sentence)
Macromolecules are made of many polymers (polymer + polymer = macromolecule)
“macro” = large (Ex. a paragraph)

5. How do Monomers link to form Polymers???
Dehydration Synthesis Reactions (also called condensation reactions)
Dehydration = to lose water
Synthesis = to put together
chemical reaction in which two monomers are linked together and a molecule of water is lost
one monomer donates a OH
the other monomer donates a hydrogen (H) forming water (H2O)

9. How do polymers break down into monomers???
Hydrolysis reactions
Hydro – water
Lysis – to break apart
The bond between two monomers is broken & a molecule of water breaks down
One monomer receives an (OH) and the other receives an (H)
This is the reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction.

10. Hydrolysis

11. Organic Compounds
There are 4 main classes of organic compounds which are essential to the life processes of all living things.
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids

12. I. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N
Function: Used to build body structures – muscles, hair, skin, etc.
Most enzymes are proteins as well
Structure:
Monomer = Amino Acids (20 kinds)
Polymer = Polypeptide or protein

13. Polypeptides
Proteins are made of chains of amino acids linked together
Dipeptides – 2 Amino Acids
Polypeptides- many Amino Acids
Enzymes = polypeptides
Stop here to complete the protein section of the molecular modeling activity.

14. II. Lipids (Fats) Elements: C, H (in high ratio) & O
Function: Used to store excess energy, also an important part in cell membranes and waterproof coverings
Structure:
Monomer = 1 glycerol + fatty acids
Polymers = complex lipids
NOT water soluble (do NOT dissolve in water)
Ex. Fats, oils, waxes

15. Complex Lipids 1 fatty acid + a glycerol molecule = a wax
2 fatty acids + a glycerol molecule =phospholipid
(which makes up the cell membrane)
3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol molecule = a triglyceride

16. III. Carbohydrates Elements: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio (double hydrogen)
Function: Main fuel provider and energy source of living things, used for structures in cells
Structure: (ring formation common)
Monosaccharides –monomer of carbs like sugars
Polysaccharides- polymer of carbs

17. Polysaccharides Polymer made of 3 or more monosaccharides
Stop to complete carbohydrate section of molecular modeling activity.

18. IV. Nucleic Acids Elements : C, H, O, N, P
Function: Store important information for the cell
Structure:
Monomer = Nucleotide
Polymer = DNA and RNA
Ex. DNA  cellular information
RNA  stores/transfers
information to make proteins