1. Chapter 13: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

2. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS
Hydroxy group – the –OH functional group
An alcohol has an –OH group attached to an aliphatic carbon. General formula: R-OH
A phenol has an –OH group on a benzene ring.
An ether has the functional group: General formula: R-O-R’

3. NAMING ALCOHOLS
Step 1: Name the longest chain to which the –OH group is attached. Use the hydrocarbon name of the chain, drop the final –e, and replace it with –ol.
Step 2: Number the longest chain to give the lowest number to the carbon with the attached –OH.
Step 3: Locate the –OH position.
Example: OH |
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH—CH2—CH3
3-hexanol

4. Step 4: Locate and name any other groups attached to the longest chain.
Step 5: Combine the name and location of other groups, the location of the –OH, and the longest chain into the final name.
Example:
Note: Alcohols containing two –OH groups are diols, three –OH groups are triols. The IUPAC names for these compounds have endings of –diol and –triol rather than –ol.
CH3—CH2—CH—CH—CH—CH3 OH |
2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol
CH3
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5. NAMING PHENOLS
Substituted phenols are usually named as derivatives of the parent compound phenol.
Examples:

6. CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS
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7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS
The –OH group is polar and capable of hydrogen bonding.
This makes low molecular weight alcohols highly soluble in water.
Hydrogen bonding in a water-methanol solution:

8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS, cont.
Larger alkanes have greater hydrophobic regions and are less soluble or insoluble in water.
Water interacts only with the –OH group of 1-heptanol:

9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS, cont.

10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS, cont.
The –OH group can hydrogen bond between alcohol molecules leading to relatively high boiling points.
Hydrogen bonding in pure ethanol:

11. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS, cont.
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12. ALCOHOL REACTIONS
The removal of water (dehydration) from an alcohol at 180°C is an elimination reaction that produces an alkene.

13. ALCOHOL REACTIONS, cont.
Under slightly different conditions (140°C), a dehydration reaction can occur between two alcohol molecules to produce an ether.

14. ALCOHOL REACTIONS, cont.
Oxidation – the removal of hydrogen atoms.
Alcohol oxidations with an oxidizing (O) agent, such as K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4:
Primary alcohols  aldehyde  carboxylic acid
Secondary alcohols  ketone
Tertiary alcohols  no reaction

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ALCOHOL REACTIONS, cont.
Primary alcohol oxidation
Secondary alcohol oxidation
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16. IMPORTANT ALCOHOLS • Methanol (wood alcohol): CH3OH • Production:
•Useful as a solvent and industrial starting material
• Highly toxic, if taken internally causes blindness and/or death

17. IMPORTANT ALCOHOLS, cont.
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol): CH3CH2OH
Produced commercially from ethylene and through biological (yeast) fermentation of carbohydrates
Useful as a solvent, industrial starting material, fuel (gasohol), and found in alcoholic beverages.
Moderately toxic

18. IMPORTANT ALCOHOLS, cont.
2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol) is the main component of rubbing alcohol
1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol) is used as a food moistening agent (nontoxic) and for its soothing qualities (soaps)

19. IMPORTANT ALCOHOLS, cont.
Antifreezes 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol)
1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol)

20. PHENOLS Phenol behaves as a weak acid in water
and can react with bases to form salt.

21. USES OF PHENOLS:
In a dilute solution, phenol is used as a disinfectant.
Phenol derivatives used as disinfectants:

22. USES OF PHENOLS: Phenol derivatives used as antioxidants in food:

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NAMING ETHERS
IUPAC name: Name the smaller of the two R groups as an alkoxy group attached to the parent chain by replacing the –yl ending of the R group with –oxy.
Common name: Name the groups attached to the oxygen alphabetically and add the word ether.
common: sec-butyl ethyl ether
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24. CYCLIC ETHERS
Heterocyclic rings contain atoms other than carbon in the ring.

25. PROPERTIES OF ETHERS Much less polar than alcohols
More soluble in water than alkanes, but less soluble than alcohols
Low boiling and melting points because of the inability to hydrogen bond between molecules
inert and do not react with most reagents (like alkanes)
highly flammable (like alkanes)

26. Hydrogen bonding of dimethyl ether: (a) with water and (b) no hydrogen bonding in the pure state:

27. THIOLS: THE –SH (SULFHYDRYL) GROUP
Most distinguishing characteristic is their strong and offensive odor
ethanethiol – added to natural gas
1-propanethiol – odor in garlic and onions
trans-2-butene-1-thiol – odor associated with skunks

28. THIOL REACTIONS
Oxidation forms disulfide (-S-S-) linkages, which are important structural features of some proteins:

29. THIOL REACTIONS, cont.
Oxidation reactions can be reversed with a reducing agent (H):

30. THIOL REACTIONS, cont.
Reacts with heavy metals (Pb2+, Hg2+) to form insoluble compounds, with adverse biological results:

31. POLYFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
Compounds with two or more functional groups
Functional groups determine chemical properties of compounds.
Example: