1. Solutions

2. Remember mixtures? Mixture Heterogeneous Homogeneous
A combination of two or more
substances that are not chemically
combined and can be separated
by physical means.
Two types:
Mixture
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous

3. So, what does this have to do with solutions?
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase.
Thoroughly mixed
Same Composition
Throughout
Same Properties
Throughout

4. What makes up a solution?
Solute: the substance being dissolved
Solvent: the substance doing the dissolving
Name the solute and solvent:
solution
solute(s)
solvent
Ocean water
Coca-cola
Humid air
salt
water
Sugar, carbon dioxide
water
Water vapor
air

5. Solute Solvent Gas Liquid Solid
Examples of solutions
Solvent
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Oxygen and other gases in nitrogen (air)
Carbon dioxide in water (carbonated water)
Hydrogen dissolves rather well in metals; platinum has been studied as a storage medium
Water vapor in air (humidity)
Ethanol (common alcohol) in water; various hydrocarbons in each other (petroleum)
Water in activated charcoal; moisture in wood
The odor of a solid results from molecules of that solid being dissolved in the air
Sucrose (table sugar) in water; sodium chloride (table salt) in water
Steel, brass, other metal alloys
Solute
Adapted from

6. What types of solutions are there?
Aqueous solutions (aq): solutions in which water is the solvent.
Electrolytes: specific aqueous solutions in which the solute dissolves to form ions.
Tinctures: solutions in which alcohol is the solvent.
Alloys: solid solution of two or more metals.
Amalgams: specific alloys in which one of the metals is mercury.

7. Suspensions Example: If the particles in a solvent are so large that
they settle out unless
the mixture is constantly
stirred or agitated, the
mixture is called a
suspension.
Suspensions
Example:
Muddy Water

8. Colloids Examples: Particles that are intermediate in
size between those in solutions
and suspensions form mixtures
known as colloidal dispersions,
or colloids.
Colloids
Examples:
paints, mud, gelatin, milk,
mayonnaise, shaving cream,
smoke, fog, butter

9. Tyndall Effect A beam of light distinguishes a colloid
from a solution.
The particles in a
colloid will scatter light,
making the beam
visible.
NaCl
Solution
Gelatin and
Water

10. Solutes: Electrolytes vs. Nonelectrolytes Electrolyte
Dissolves in water to give
a solution that conducts
an electric current.
Electrolyte
Ionic Compounds (NaCl)
Highly Polar Molecular
Compounds (HCl)

11. Nonelectrolyte Dissolves in water to give a solution that does not
conduct electrical current.
Neutral solute molecules (not
charged particles).
Sugar is a nonelectrolyte.