1. Modern Genetic Research
Genetics and People
Modern Genetic Research

2. Mutations Mutation: change in DNA
Mutations in body cells effect present organism, but CAN NOT BE PASSED ON to offspring
Mutations in sex cells CAN be passed on to the offspring
WHY?: Nonsex cells are not apart of the fertilization process—only sex cells are

3. Mutations Chromosomal Alterations:
Nondisjunction
Example: Down’s Syndrome
Polyploidy
Example: 3n or 4n
set of chromosomes
Most mutations are harmful and recessive

4. Genes and the environment
The environment interacts with genes in the development and expression of inherited traits
Here is an example…

5. Nature vs. Nurture
In many cases it is not only the genes that we have that determine what we look like
Scenario: If identical twins (same DNA) were separated at birth and lived in 2 different environments and then brought together 25 years later would they look the same? Why or why not?

6. Bell Ringer: March 10
If you have a mutation in your toe cells due to toxic waste. Will your offspring have a mutation as well?

7. Nature vs. Nurture
Answer: The identical twins would have similar features (eye color, size of nose, etc.) but may look very different. What they did throughout their lives effects what they look like
For example: sun exposure,
diet, hygiene, injuries, etc.

8. Gene Expression Snowshoe Rabbit:
Color of rabbit in the summertime: brown
Color of rabbit in the winter: white
The temperature effects what color fur (or what proteins) are expressed

9. Gene Expression Green color in plants: No Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
Most plants have chlorophyll and the ability to be green
The sun activates the protein in chlorophyll to turn plants green in color
No Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll

10. Changing Chromosome Structure
Translocation: transfer of one section of a chromosome
Addition: a portion of one chromosome is attached to another chromosome
Deletion: a portion of a chromosome is taken away from a chromosome
Inversion: a portion of a chromosome breaks off and then becomes reattached to the same chromosome in an inverted (upside down) fashion

12. Genetic Research
Knowledge of genetics is making possible new fields of health care
Mapping of genetic instructions in cells makes it possible to detect, and perhaps correct, defective genes that may lead to poor health.
Substances from genetically
engineered organisms may reduce
the cost and side effects of
replacing missing body chemicals.

13. Genetic Research Cloning: producing a group of genetically identical
offspring from the cells of an
organism
This technique shows great promise in agriculture
Plants with desirable qualities can be rapidly produced from the cells of a single plant

14. Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA: Also called genetic engineering
Creates new varieties of plants and animals by manipulating the genetic instructions of these organisms to produce new characteristics

15. Genetic Research Genetic Engineering: (recombinant DNA)
transfer of genetic information from one organism to another
includes the transfer of entire genes and gene splicing
Genetic engineering can
correct genetic defects &
produce agriculturally more efficient plants and animals

16. Recombinant DNA
A cell can synthesize a new chemical coded for by its new genes
Examples:
Interferon: helps fight infections
Insulin: combat diabetes
Growth hormone: help stimulate growth

17. Recombinant DNA X
(X)

18. How Recombinant DNA Works
Restriction Enzymes: enzymes used to cut segments of DNA in one organism so they can be transferred into another organism
Characteristics produced by the segments of DNA may be expressed when these segments are inserted into new organisms such as bacteria.
Inserting, deleting, or altering DNA segments can alter genes.  An altered gene may be passed on to every cell that develops from it.

19. Difficulties with Genetic Engineering
The moved gene may not be expressed
It is difficult to isolate the gene
The trait may be recessive
There may be unintended adverse qualities

20. Human Genome Project
Human Genome Project: has allowed humans to know the basic framework of their genetic code
Knowledge of genetics is making possible new fields of health care
Genetic mapping is making it possible to detect and possibly correct, defective genes that may lead to poor health.

21. More on Genetic Research
A down side to this is that health insurance agencies and other organizations may use this genetic information against individuals.
Substances from genetically engineered organisms may reduce the cost and side effects of replacing body chemicals. Human insulin produced in bacteria is already an example of this.

22. Bell Ringer: March14
What is one genetic disorder and how is it detected?

23. Future of Genetic Engineering?

24. Genetic Disorder Name of Disorder Technique used to Diagnose
Characteristic of Disorder
Sickle Cell Anemia
Microscopic examination of blood
Low oxygen supply of cells
Down’s Syndrome
Karyotype
Mental Retardation
PKU
Urine analysis
Mental retardation

25. Amniocentesis
One final way to check for genetic diseases is through amniocentesis
Checks the proteins of the developing fetus while in the womb