1. Abnormal Behavior or Psychological Disorders

2. What is Normal?
In your small group, determine whether or not the person in your case study has a psychological disorder.

3. Defining Psychological Disorder
There is no one absolute definition of psychological disorders
A continuum exists between mental health and pathology
Some proposed definitions may include: (from sample textbooks)
Pathology
Health

4. Defining Psychological Disorder
A pattern of behaviors or psychological symptoms that cause significant personal distress, causes them to harm others, and/or impairs the ability to function in daily life.

5. Defining Psychological Disorder
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behavior.
This is from our book and is adapted from the DSM-V

6. Defining Psychological Disorder
Let’s go back to your choices.
Significant disturbance in cognition?
. . . in emotional regulation?
. . . in behavior?
Disturbed or dysfunctional behavior that is interfering with day-to-day life?

7. Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior
Ancient Greece
Hippocrates - ( BCE) believed that mental illness was the result of natural, as opposed to supernatural causes
Galen – ( BCE) divided the causes of mental disorders into physical and psychological causes
Ancient China
Chung Ching - (200CE) stated that both organ pathologies and stressful psychological events were causes of mental disorders

9. Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior
Medieval Europe - abnormal behavior was viewed as a demonic possession. Treatment might include prayer, laying on of hands and/or exorcism performed by the clergy. Possibly witch hunts?
Islamic Countries - known for humane hospitals for mentally ill (Baghdad 792 CE).

10. The Renaissance- brings reemergence of the scientific approach to mental illness
Teresa of Avila ( ) a Spanish nun established a conceptual framework that suggests the mind can be sick
Johann Weyer ( ) of Germany used scientific skepticism to refute the concept of demonic possession

11. Humanitarian Reforms of 18th-19th centuries
Philippe Pinel (France)-pioneered compassionate medical model for the treatment of the mentally ill
William Tuke (England)- introduced trained nurses for the mentally ill
Benjamin Rush (United States) founder of American psychiatry and established hospitals for the mentally ill
Dorothea Dix (United States) advocated for reforms to allow for humane treatment of mentally ill in institutional settings

12. Deinstitutionalization
Occurred due to scientific advances of the 20th century
Psychopharmacology
Medical advances including imaging devices (CT, MRI, PET)
Release of patients back into their usual community using out-patient care

13. How are disorders described?
It depends on who is describing them

14. Medical Model
This model holds that diseases (in this case psychological disorders) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, through therapy, medication, or treatment in a hospital.
As we have seen, in most cases there is more to people’s behavior than just biology.

15. Psychological Model
Freud’s psychodynamic model explains disorders as the result of repressed thoughts, memories, or concerns in the unconscious mind.
Behaviorists explain disorders as learned behaviors.
Cognitive psychologists explain disorders being the result of irrational thinking – like blowing things out of perspective or being driven by “shoulds, oughts, and musts.”

16. Biopsychosocial Model
Behavior, whether what is called normal or abnormal, is an interaction of nature and nurture.
Diathesis-Stress Model: The diathesis, or predisposition, interacts with the subsequent stress response of an individual.

17. Biopsychosocial Model
Different cultures have different stressors
Not all disorders are culture-bound
Depression
Schizophrenia

18. Biopsychosocial Model

19. Classifying Disorders
Classification creates order
Diagnostic classification goals:
Describe a disorder
Predict its future course
Imply appropriate treatment
Stimulate research into its causes
DSM-V lists diagnosis criteria

20. Assignment
With a partner, read through the “Psychological Diagnosis …” article.
Identify dangers of labeling
Come up with three recommendations to help guide the use of labels

21. Tomorrow we will look more closely at classifying disorders.
Review with Crash Course
AP students: review the first 12 vocabulary words from p. 71 (research unit) before Tuesday.