1. THE CANTERBURY TALES BACKGROUND ON AUTHOR, CONTEXT, AND CHARACTERS

2. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1342-1400) “The FATHER of English Literature”
Son of a London shoemaker
Grew up middle to upper class
Well-traveled and knowledgeable about all aspects of life and types of people
A man of the WORLD
Dates of Chaucer’s life; He was well-traveled and knowledgeable about all aspects of life and types of people 2

3. CHAUCER’S LIFE Page in the household connected to KING EDWARD III
Married a lady-in-waiting of the queen named Philippa de Rout
Had three (maybe four) children
Fought in the HUNDRED YEARS WAR
Captured by the enemy and ransomed by the king
King Edward awarded him “A GALLON OF WINE DAILY” for life for an unspecified task, and Chaucer collected it the rest of his life, even after Edward was no longer king
His time spent in the household of King Edward gave him an insider’s look of the lives of the royal and aristocratic; it is possible the wine was an award for a literary work, as it was given on St. George’s Day 1374, when artistic endeavors were traditionally rewarded 3

4. CHAUCER’S LIFE, CONT… Customs Controller Justice of the Peace
Member of PARLIAMENT
Diplomat to FRANCE and ITALY
Secret dispatch to Sir John Hawkwood, British knight in Milan (possible inspiration for the Knight in the Canterbury Tales)
Supervised construction of WESTMINSTER ABBEY and the TOWER OF LONDON
Deputy FORESTER of the Royal Forest of North Petherton
Died of unknown causes around 1400; first writer to be buried in the POET’S CORNER of Westminster Abbey

5. WESTMINSTER ABBEY

6. POET’S CORNER
Chaucer’s Tomb→

7. THE CANTERBURY TALES: CHAUCER’S MASTERPIECE (MAGNUM OPUS)
First writer to use ENGLISH in a major literary work
Assortment of people thrown together on a JOURNEY
Lifelike CROSS-SECTION of medieval society; show almost all professions of 14th century and people’s characteristics from folly to wisdom
Outstanding literary achievement: 17,000 LINES OF POETRY

8. The tales are written in MIDDLE ENGLISH
Here is a sample of the Lord’s Prayer in Middle English: →

9. QUOTE
“Although Chaucer’s invented personages are now six hundred years old, they are flesh and blood today; they are, in fact, the people whom we have known all our lives.”—Louis Untermeyer
A testament to Chaucer as a writer and a reader of human character; how though the years pass, our nature of humans does not 9

10. Literary Characteristics of The Canterbury Tales
HEROIC COUPLETS:
2 paired lines of poetry, written in iambic pentameter (meter). The pair (or couplet) must RHYME.
Introduced by Chaucer!
Example:
“You’re off to Canterbury - well, God speed!/
Blessed St. Thomas answer to your need!”

11. Page 104 Look at the introduction before the Prologue
Look for the couples
How many are there?

12. Literary Characteristics of The Canterbury Tales
SATIRE
When an author ridicules and exposes the faults of his or her subject
Used in order to provoke change
The Canterbury Tales is a very important satire, pointing out the need for change in Medieval beliefs and practices
Two tools Chaucer uses to create satire are 1. Verbal irony and 2. physiognomy

13. Literary Characteristics of The Canterbury Tales
VERBAL IRONY
Is when there is a meaningful contrast between what is said and what is actually meant
Example: Saying, “The best monk,” when really the monk does not really adhere to the ideals of monastic life

14. Literary Characteristics of The Canterbury Tales
PHYSIOGNOMY:
The use of physical appearance to suggest attributes of a person’s character or personality
Example: Think of evil stepmother figures in Disney movies. Their harsh, angular appearances always hint at their malevolent motives

15. NOTES ON THE TALES
FRAME TALE: a story that provides a vehicle or frame for telling other stories ( a story within a story)
29 pilgrims are traveling to the SHRINE OF ST. THOMAS OF BECKET (who was brutally murdered after quarreling with the king)
The Prologue introduces the pilgrims, and they proceed to have a story-telling contest
It is speculated that the Tales are INCOMPLETE, as not all pilgrims have a story
Canterbury Cathedral

16. THE OCCUPATIONS OF THE PILGRIMS REFLECT THE THREE MAIN AREAS OF MEDIEVAL ENGLISH SOCIETY
They represent a CROSS-SECTION of medieval society: a small, random selection that represents the larger whole
The COURT: Knight, Squire, Yeoman, Franklin, Plowman, Miller, Reeve
The CHURCH: Nun, Monk, Friar, Cleric, Parson, Summoner, Pardoner
The COMMONERS: Merchant, Sergeant of the Law, Five Tradesmen, Cook, Skipper, Doctor, Wife of Bath, Manciple, Host

17. The Middle Ages Background
Nobility/Ruling Class - Knight and Squire
Hierarchy – Class Structure During Chaucer’s Time
Clergy - Monk, Friar, Prioress, Parson, Summoner, Pardoner
Middle Class – Merchant, Doctor, Student, Wife of Bath
Peasants – Miller, Plowman, Skipper

18. Code of Chivalry A knight must be:
1. True to his God and a defender of the faith.
2. True and loyal to his lord and king.
3. True to his lady.
4. Humble and modest in daily actions.
5. Brave and fierce in war and adversity.

19. Code of the Clergy A member of the clergy must: 1. Be chaste and pure.
2. Be devoted to God.
3. Obey God and Biblical law.
4. Take vows of poverty.
5. Achieve heavenly reward
through earthly denial.

20. Seven Deadly Sins Gluttony Avarice / Greed Sloth Lust Vanity Pride
Anger

21. Moral Virtues (opposite of sins)
Moderation
Generosity
Diligence
Love
Modesty
Humility
Forgiveness

22. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
Takes representatives of English society on a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral (Shrine of Archbishop Thomas Becket)
Pilgrims—each has speech and tale that matches a real person during his (Chaucer’s) time

23. OTHER IMPORTANT NOTES
SETTING: Springtime—represents fertility, re-birth, Spring Fever
THEMES:
Corruption of the Church: major issue—too much power
The COMPLEXITY OF HUMAN NATURE: very few characters are all good or all bad; we all have our virtues and flaws
IRONY: Often the characters typically valued by society are the most despicable, while the poor and “lowly” are the more noble
HUMOR: The descriptions, bickering between characters, and the irony in the tales are meant to be funny!

24. MEDIEVAL OCCUPATIONS EXPLAINED
Squire- an apprentice to a knight
Yeoman- a member of the royal court
Cleric (Clerk)- works for the Church, transcribing important documents
Sergeant of the Law- lawyer
Friar- priest who pledged to a life of poverty
Reeve- manager of someone’s estate or farm
Manciple- buys supplies for institutions like churches and schools
Pardoner: grant “pardons” to criminals; sell Christian relics and certificates blessed by the Pope
Remember, criminals could be tried in the Church or Royal Court; the Church tended to be more lenient!

25. MORE OCCUPATIONS:
Summoner: bring accused criminals before the church’s court
Nun (Prioress)/Monk: devote lives to work, charity, and prayer; take vows of poverty, silence, chastity, etc..
Often, becoming a monk was an option for second sons of nobility who could not inherit the family fortune

26. DURING THIS TIME (LIKE TODAY), CERTAIN PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH PERSONALITY:
GAP TEETH: considered “cute”
Curly hair—very FASHIONABLE
RED face-lusty
Red hair-SNEAKY (like a fox)
WIDE forehead—beautiful
LONG hair on a man—weak, undesirable
BEARDLESS man—weak, immature
Sores, carbuncles (large pimples or cysts)— suggest VENEREAL DISEASE or general nastiness

27. THE MILLER Example Chap of sixteen stone Big in brawn and bone
Physical Characteristics, Clothing, and Accessories
Chap of sixteen stone
Big in brawn and bone
Broad, knotty and short-shouldered
Broad, red beard
Wart with red, bristly hair growing on his nose
Black nostrils and mighty mouth
Carried a sword and buckler and bagpipes
Wore blue hood with a white coat
Words, Experiences, and Personality Traits
Likes to wrestle
Boastful of his strength
Likes to tell dirty jokes
Thief and cheater

28. The Miller Peasant Class Inferences Supported by a trade
Chaucer compares him to a sow and fox suggesting he is wild and rough
Chaucer compares mouth to a furnace door, suggesting he is uncouth and foul-mouthed
By stating he was a “master-hand” at stealing, Chaucer infers the miller has cheated customers his whole life . Major vice!
Through his depiction of the miller as bawdy and belligerent, Chaucer is critiquing the peasant’s low station in life