1. Nationalism in the Middle East
Today we are learning about Ottoman decline, the modernization of Turkey and Iran, and Arab nationalism was affected by Jewish immigration to Palestine.

2. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire – Eastern Europe, Middle East, and North Africa
Growing weaker
“The sick man of Europe”
Lost N. African territories
France – Algeria & Tunisia
GB - Egypt

3. 1876 – Constitution - Aimed at forming a legislative assembly
Sultan Abdulhamid II
Suspended the constitution
Ruled by authoritarian means
Lived in fear of assassination
Young Turks
Group of reformers
Forced the restoration of the constitution (1908)
1909 –deposed the sultan
Lacked support of the government
Stability of empire challenged by ethnic Turks

4. Impact of WWI GB undermined Ottoman rule on the Arabian Peninsula
Supported Arab nationals activities
Lawrence of Arabia
1916 Arabia declared independence for Ottoman rule.

5. Massacre of the Armenians
Christians
Wanted independence
1915 – gov. killed Armenian men, expelled women & children as a result of an uprising
By Sept – est. 1 million were dead
By k victim of genocide
Why no one stopped the Ottomans- WWI

6. Emergence of the Turkish Republic
Ottoman empire divided by GB & FR
Greece – invaded Turkey – seized W. part of Anatolian Pen.
Colonel Mustafa Kemal –
Turkey’s leader
Summoned a national congress for Republic of Turkey
1923 – last Ottoman sultan fled the country
End of Ottoman empire

7. The Modernization f Turkey
Ataturk – father turk
New title for President Kemal
Harshly suppressed critics
Reforms:
Remove Arabic elements from Turkish alphabet
Roman alphabet
Popular edu. introduced
Citizens had to take a last name
Economic
Est. factories
5-year plan
Break the power of the Islamic religion
Create a secular state
Abolished the caliphate -1924

8. More reforms: Panama hat – no more fez Veils forbidden
Women granted:
Marriage & inheritance rights
Right to vote
Freedom of religion

9. The beginnings of modern Iran
Qajar dynasty- ruled in Persia
1908 – oil discovered = foreign interest
Growing foreign presence – rise of Persian nationalsit movement
1921 – Reza Khan – led a military mutiny
Seized Tehran (capital)
Est. himself –shah (king)
New dynasty – Pahlavi
Tried to follow example of Kemal Ataturk

10. Reformed military and economic systems Did not destroy Islamic beliefs
Western reforms
Education
clothing
Sided w/ Germany to free himself from GB & RU rule
Rejected GB & RU demand to expel Germans from Iran
Troops sent
Shah resigned, son took over

11. Arab Nationalism WWI – Arabs escape Ottoman rule Arabs had no nation
1916 – GB supports
Mandates – former Ottoman territories supervised by the L of N.
GB- Iraq, Palestine, & Jordan
FR – Syria & Lebanon
Ibn Saud – united Arabs in n. Arabian pen.
1930s – oil discovered by USA

12. The problems of Palestine
1st century AD- Jews exiled
Majority of population (80%)- Muslim
Zionist – advocated Palestine est. as Jewish nation
Reasons for migration of Jews to Palestine
Zionist movement
Anti-Semitism

13. Balfour Declaration
Expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine
Tensions & violence grew
1939 -GB declared only 75k ppl could immigrate to Palestine over the next 5 years
After that no more Jews could move there
Only intensified the tensions and increased bloodshed

14. Review
Why did the British support Arab nationalist activities in 1916?
Why was it difficult for the Arab people to form one nation?
What discovery was made in a British mandate that changed the world?
Howard Carter, an English Egyptologist, had a hunch that Tutankhamen lay beneath the Valley of the Kings even though conventional archeological wisdom declared that all the area's tombs had been found. In 1914, supported by his British benefactor Lord Carnarvon, Carter began his search in earnest. For seven years his efforts bore no fruit. In November 1922, during the last season of exploration that Lord Carnarvon said he could support, Carter's luck changed. His Egyptian laborers uncovered a series of steps leading down to a sealed door.