1. Chapter 5 Protective Packaging and Materials Handling

2. Packaged goods Vs. Bulk materials
handled by the package
Bulk materials
free flowing or loose rather than packaged
handled by pumps, shovels, or conveyor devices

3. Topics Related to Packaging Handling
Materials requirements planning (MRP)
obtain more efficient management over the flow of all materials & products in a firm’s production system
Robotics
physically handling both packaged and bulk materials

4. Product Characteristics
Physical Properties
Density of bulk materials
Exposure to the elements
Temperature indicates form
solid
liquid
gas

5. Physical Characteristics
May change while good is moving through the logistics channel

6. Chemical Characteristics
Affect the manner in which goods should be handled
Consumers must be made aware of the various properties of goods so as to make a correct buying decision and to care for the product properly

7. 7 Categories of Hazardous Cargo
Explosives
Compressed gases
Flammable liquids
Oxidizers
Poisons
Radioactive materials
Corrosive materials

8. Hazardous Commodities
Specific requirements differ but involve:
Labeling
Packaging and Repackaging
Placing warnings on shipping documents
Notifying carriers in advance

9. Hazardous Cargo
Shipping documents must indicate if cargo is hazardous in nature
Additional documentation is required
Packages, containers, trailers, and railcars must display proper signs or placards identifying the hazard

10. Environmental Protection
Many packaging materials can be RECYCLED
The use of disposable packing materials is wasteful and costs for dumping in landfill sites is increasing

11. Problems to Environmental Protection
Each nation’s regulations differ regarding which packaging is acceptable
Regulations differ because different areas of the world view environmental problems differently & enact regulations that address the issue of current concern to them

12. Environmentally Friendly Packaging Strategies
Reduce the amount of packaging materials used
Using more environmentally friendly packaging materials
Use reusable containers
Retain or support services that collect the used package and recycle it

13. Packaging - Building-blocks Concept
Smallest units are the retail packages on the shelves of stores
The small units are packed into boxes of 1 to 2 cubic feet
Rectangular shape usually
Each of the different building blocks is inside another & their total effect must be to protect the product

14. Promotional Functions of Boxes
Primary job of boxes is to protect but may contain sales orientation
Promotional and Protective Conflict
Attractive promotional message on the outside of a box makes it easier for a thief to determine what the box contains
Code numbers on the box slow the thief down

15. Protective Functions of Packaging
Enclose the materials to protect them and other items from them
Restrain them from undesired movements within the container when the container is in transit
Separate the contents to prevent undesired contact

16. Cushion the contents from outside vibrations and shocks
Support the weight of identical containers that will be stacked above it as part of the building-blocks concept
Position the contents to provide maximum protection for them

17. Provide for fairly uniform weight distribution within the package
Provide enough exterior surface area that identification and shipping labels can be applied along with specific instructions
Be tamper-proof to the extent that evidence of tampering can be noticed

18. Be safe in the sense that the package itself presents no hazards to consumers or to others

19. Carriers’ Tariffs & Classifications
Influence or Control the type of packaging and packing methods used

20. 2 Reasons For The Different Classifications Carriers Have
Packaging specifications determined by product density encourage shippers to tender loads in densities that make best use of the equipment’s weight and volume capabilities
Specifications that deal with protective packaging reduce the likelihood of damage to products while in transit

21. Package Testing
Usually done when new products or new packaging techniques are about to be introduced
Packages endure all the expected shipping hazards: vibration, dropping, horizontal impacts, compression, overexposure to extreme temperatures or moisture, and rough handling
Computer software now used

22. Shippers should: Keep records on all loss and damage claims
Perform statistical tests on this data to determine if damage pattern is randomly distributed
If data is not randomly distributed, additional protection for the package can be made

23. Types of Labeling Words Code Numbers Retroflective Labels Batch Number
read by optical scanners
Batch Number

24. Labeling Point
Good time to take a complete inventory of all the packages, packing materials, and labels that will be used
Necessary to label inbound items so that their location can be monitored
Leading firms are moving toward two-dimension bar codes that hold more information

25. Unit Loads in Materials Handling
an extension of the building-blocks concept to very large quantities
Basic unit is the pallet or skid
Handled by mechanical means such as a forklift
Unitization
describes handling of unit loads

26. Pallet Vs. Slip Sheet Pallet Slip sheet
40- by 48-inch wooden structure
height a problem because space occupied is unproductive
Slip sheet
a sheet of flexible heavy plastic or fiberboard material
handling time increased because forklift operator must use more care to avoid damaging the product

27. Advantages of Unit Load
Additional protection to the cargo
Pilferage is discouraged
Enables mechanical devices to be substituted for hand labor
Disadvantage
Represents a larger quantity of an item than a single box

28. Materials Handling
A branch of engineering that deals with the short distance movement of the material between two or more points

29. Materials Handling - Building-Blocks Concept
Products are packed in individual containers
Containers are packed inside fiberboard cartons
Cartons loaded on to a pallet referred to as a unit load in a process called unitization

30. Materials Handling - Building-Blocks Concept (contd.)
Mechanical devices load pallets aboard a trailer, railcar, or ocean going container

31. Bulk Cargoes - Handling Characteristics
Density
Angle of Repose
the size of angle that would be formed by the side of a conical stack of that material
the greater the angle, the higher the pile of materials that can be placed on a specific land area

32. Bulk Liquids - Handling Characteristics
Resistance to flow
measured as viscosity
can be lowered by increasing the temperature

33. Bulk Gases - Handling Characteristics
Most handled within enclosed pipeline
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) exception
cooled and compressed into liquid form that is 1/630 of its volume in gaseous state
transported by oceangoing vessels in special tanks

34. Handling of Bulk
Handling process may change the characteristics or quality of the product
Ideal equipment configuration for one bulk cargo may not be able to handle another
Particle size must be considered in that there are costs in pulverizing to a uniform size so it can be transported by pneumatic or slurry devices

35. Principles to Guide the Design of Materials Handling System
Read pages in the text

36. End of Chapter 5