1. Injuries and First Aid
The aim of this lesson is to learn about common sporting injuries and prevention techniques

2. What:. Consider how injuries are caused and the type
What: Consider how injuries are caused and the type of injury that results.
Consider the precautions that can be taken to prevent injuries occuring
How: Powerpoint
Discussion
Why: To improve your knowledge of injuries for real life situations and your GCSE exam.

3. The chance of getting injured while taking part in physical activity are quite high and most performers get injured at some time.
Injury prevention should be paramount and all precautions should be taken to avoid and minimise the risk of injury.

4. Technique and safe practice:
Correct technique should be used at all times. Poor technique can result in injury to performer and opponent. These injuries are considered to be in the categories of internally and externally caused injuries.

5. Internally caused injuries:
These are injuries where a performer is solely responsible.
Overuse injuries.
Can be caused by training or performing too much. Can include stress fractures and muscle and tendon injuries. Tennis players can suffer from tennis elbow and many footballers suffer cartilage damage.
Stress fractures: a brake in the bone caused by repeated application of a heavy load or constant pounding on a hard surface such as by running.
Tennis elbow: a painful injury or inflammation of the tendon attached to the elbow joint.

6. Sudden injuries
The strain put on the body owing to lots of stretching, twisting and turning, often resulting in injuries such as hamstring pulls.

7. Externally caused injuries
Caused by factors other than the performer themselves, such as equipment, opponent and playing conditions.
Foul play – usually involves opponents and these types of injuries can often be quite serious. This is why there are rules to stop them happening.
Impact injuries – Physical impact is permitted within the rules of many sports (rugby, hockey,football) and also happens in many others (basketball). There can also be contact with equipment, (footy boots, hockey sticks, vaulting boxes) and impact with the playing surface itself.

9. Equipment / clothing
Faulty or damaged equipment.
Badly fitting or inappropriate clothing.
Accidents
Whatever precautions are in place, there will unfortunately always be some accidents resulting in injury!

10. Precautions
Carry out a risk assessment and follow findings.
Carry out a warm up before exercise.
Follow (& enforce) rules.

11. How to Avoid overuse Injuries
Develop correct technique: Poor long distance running technique leads to back injuries.
Choose kit and equipment carefully,
especially footwear.
Allow enough time for full recovery between training sessions and/or events.
Follow heavy training days with light days. As your body adapts to training it recovers, if you don’t recover you’ll gain no training adaptation.

12. How to avoid sudden Injuries
Consider the event itself:
Make sure you play at the right level for you. It can be dangerous to play against people who are bigger,stronger or more skilful.
Know the rules of the sport and obey them. They were developed to protect you as well as test your skill.
Pay attention to advice or warnings given by coaches, referees and other officials.

13. What:. Be aware of the action to take if an accident or
What: Be aware of the action to take if an accident or emergency occurs.
Have a knowledge of injuries associated with different activities.
Be aware of particular injuries and the actions that may be taken.
How: Powerpoint
Discussion
Why: To improve your knowledge of injuries for real life situations and your GCSE exam.

14. HEAD INJURIES
You should place the person in the coma position making sure they can breathe easily – check nose and mouth for blockages – if they are not breathing you will need to follow CPR.

15. Concussion can occur. Apparent from loss of consciousness, very relaxed limbs, weak pulse, slow/shalllow breathing, dilated pupils or bleeding from the ears. Get expert help immediately
Dilated – enlarged, expanded or widened.

16. Bone and Joint Injuries
Fractured bones:
A fracture is a break or crack in a bone. In a SIMPLE or CLOSED fracture the skin is not broken. In an OPEN or COMPOUND fracture the skin is damaged too.
Signs and Symptoms:
The casualty may have heard or felt a snap.
Pain and tenderness around the injury.
The casualty cant move the part normally.
Swelling and bruising occur.
The limb may look deformed and twisted.

17. Types of Fractures
There are several types of fracture, each differing due to the age of the bone and the type of impact, blow or pressure placed on it.
Greenstick: A pressure or impact buckles or bends a bone but only partially breaks it. This fracture is common in the developing bones of young children, whose bones are quite springy.

18. Closed fractures are more common and mean that the skin isn't broken
Open fractures involve the broken end of the bone coming through the skin
All fractures usually cause bruising and swelling because of associated damage to surrounding blood vessels
They are also very painful because nerves within the bone are damaged
A stress fracture is a thin crack in a bone, which can be caused by overuse and continuous stress to the bone. These are common in the legs of runners and soldiers. Stress fractures are the only form of overuse bone injury, all other fractures are sudden
Any suspected fracture should be x-rayed

19. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Soft tissue is basically anything that isn't bone! So muscles, ligaments, tendons, skin, cartilage etc. Soft tissue injuries can be either overuse or sudden. They can also be open or closed
Open
Open injuries are when the skin is broken through cuts, grazes etc
Closed
Closed injuries happen when the skin stays intact, and the injury is underneath the skin.
EXAMPLES
Sprains - ligament damage. Ligaments attach bones to bones and keep a joint together. Sprains can occur as a result of a violent twisting or side-ways movement to the joint (such as when you roll the ankle over and sprain it)

20. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (CONT)
Strains - muscle damage. These are also known as pulled muscles and can vary in severity with some only causing minor damage and other tearing the whole muscle (a rupture)! These are usually caused by overstretching. The hamstrings are the most common example
Bruising - bleeding underneath the skin. This usually happens as a result of an impact such as being hit with a cricket ball

21. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (CONT)
Dislocations - a bone is pulled away from the normal joint position. The most common example is the shoulder, where the humerus (arm bone) is pulled out of the socket. This can cause damage to the surrounding soft tissues and must be scanned with an MRI before being repositioned

22. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (CONT)
Cartilage tears - cartilage within the knee is most commonly injured. This happens through violent twisting or impacts which force the knee out of line

23. Hypothermia
A rapid cooling of the body when the temperature drops very quickly. If the person is wearing wet clothing remove these immediately and wrap them in dry clothing or blankets.

24. Sprain – the overstretching or tearing of ligaments at a joint.
Strain – the overstretching of a muscle rather than a joint

25. RICE TREATMENT R - REST I - ICE C - COMPRESSION E - ELEVATION
For joint and muscle injuries including sprains, strains, cramp, dislocations and pulled muscles:
R REST
I ICE
C COMPRESSION
E ELEVATION

26. Rest – stop straight away
Ice – reduces swelling and relieves pain
Compression – Bandage or tape affected to give support and pressure. (Don’t over tighten as this could restrict blood flow!)
Elevation – Raise injured body part to decrease circulation to the area and drain away any other fluids.

27. SHOCK
2 Types of shock –
Primary shock – faintness which comes on straight after an emotional or traumatic event – passes quite quickly with reassurance an keeping warm.
True shock – far more serious. This comes about after a serious injury e.g. a bad cut or fracture. The person will be close to collapse, grey in colour and probably shaking. It is essential that they are treated in hospital. Call an ambulance immediately.

28. Cuts
These can vary in size and seriousness. However all cuts should be treated in order to avoid possible infection. Clean and dress cut with a plaster for small cuts and a bandage for larger ones.

29. GENERAL RULES TO FOLLOW
Do not move the person unless you are sure what the injury is,
If they are unconscious or have been you must phone an ambulance as they must be checked.
Look at the damaged area and see if there are any signs of injury – if it is obvious , cuts or wounds then ask if they can move the area of injury and stop the bleeding- by pressure with a clean cloth or bandage.
If there is no cut talk to the person? – does it hurt, can you move it? Then look for swellings, misshapen areas or tenderness.

30. If they feel able to stand and move on their own then they should decide if they are able to continue – any doubts at all Stop. Playing on can really aggravate what was a non serious injury.
If you have had problems going through these stages then you must get expert help straight away – big difference between first aid and medical treatment.

31. Key Terms
Stress fractures – a break in the bone caused by repeated application of a heavy load or constant pounding on a surface, such as running
Tennis Elbow – a painful injury or inflammation of the tendon attached to the elbow joint
Dilated – enlarged, expanded or widened.
Sprains – the overstretching or tearing of ligaments at a joint
Strains – the overstretching of a muscle, rather than a joint.