1. EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY
Unit 6 – Part 2
Intelligence
Ms. Markham

2. Thinking Cognition Cognitive Psychologists
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Cognitive Psychologists
study these mental activities
concept formation
problem solving
decision making
judgment formation

3. Origins of Intelligence Testing
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

4. Origins of Intelligence Testing
Mental Age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

5. Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test
revised by Terman at Stanford University

6. Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
IQ = ma/ca x 100
on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

7. What is Intelligence? Factor Analysis General Intelligence (g)
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g)
factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities
measured by every task on an intelligence test

8. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Savant Syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
computation
drawing

9. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

10. Intelligence and Creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
expertise
imaginative thinking skills
venturesome personality
intrinsic motivation
creative environment

11. Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test
subtests
verbal
performance (nonverbal)

12. Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned

13. Assessing Intelligence
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

14. The Normal Curve

15. Assessing Intelligence
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test
alternate forms of the test
retesting
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

16. Assessing Intelligence
Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion
behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity

17. Assessing Intelligence
Predictive Validity
success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
also called criterion-related validity

18. The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation
a condition of limited mental ability
indicated by an intelligence score below 70
produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome
retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

19. The Dynamics of Intelligence

20. Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

21. Genetic Influences Heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
variability depends on range of populations and environments studied

22. Genetic Influences

23. Environmental Influences
The Schooling Effect

24. Group Differences The Mental Rotation Test Standard Responses
Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks
identical to the one in the circle at the left?
Standard
Responses

25. Group Differences Stereotype Threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype