1. Chpt. 22: Imperialism & the Far East
Learning Objectives
Language Objectives
Describe the Manchus’ attitude toward other Chinese and other cultures
Describe the Open- Door policy
Explain how trade was opened with Japan
List how Japan modernized
Retell how Japan’s industrialism led to imperialism

2. Manchus Establish Qing Dynasty
People of Manchuria invaded northern China – in 1644
Overthrew Ming Dynasty, conquered all of China
Created Qing Dynasty, which lasted 250 years – was last one
Manchus thought they were better than other Chinese people
Passed laws against other Chinese

4. Manchus Establish Qing Dynasty
Passed laws against other Chinese
Also looked down on rest of the world
Only allowed trade through Canton for about 200 years – they didn’t think they needed anything from other countries
Manchus were prosperous (doing well financially) for 150 years
Agriculture was good
Handicraft industry (making goods by hand) also expanded
Population expanded
Life became harder by late 1700s
Too many people, not enough food

6. Manchus Establish Qing Dynasty
China had been a leader in science & medicine, but fell behind the Europeans by the 1800s
Because they were isolated from other countries, they didn’t learn about new ideas
The Manchus were now ruling a troubled China

7. Opium War Europeans wanted to trade with Chinese
Especially to get tea & silk
Chinese didn’t want anything from the Europeans, until they discovered Opium
Opium is a very dangerous drug was growing in India
Many Chinese became addicted to Opium
China made it illegal, so Europeans smuggled it in ships & made very large profits
Great Britain & China went to war when Manchu officials burned 20,000 chests of Opium
GB won – they signed Treaty of Nanjing

8. Opium War

9. Opium War Treaty of Nanjing – 1st of Unequal Treaties
China had to
Pay for lost opium
All costs of war
Open 5 ports for British trade
Give island of Hong Kong to Britain
Treaties protected British from Chinese laws
British citizens could not be tried for crimes committed in China
Chinese felt helpless against the British

10. Chinese Rebellion Chinese also had trouble within the country
Farmers (peasants) were poor, felt the rulers were too wealthy, greedy, & unfair
Peasants rebelled
Called rebellion Great Peace
Lasted from
Millions lost their lives – Manchus won
Foreign interference helped the Manchus win
Great Britain, US, & other Western nations didn’t want to lose trading rights
They sent weapons & military help

11. War with Japan China had claims on Korea for hundreds of years
When rebellion broke out in 1894
Chinese sent troops to put down the rebellion
Japan also wanted some control in Korea, sent troops
Once rebellion was crushed, neither side wanted to remove their troops
They started fighting each other
Japan defeated the Chinese
China had to give up claims to Korea
China had to give Taiwan to Japan
By 1910, Japan took complete control of Korea

12. War with Japan War left China weak Manchu rulers lost respect
They were nervous that European countries would invade & divide up China into colonies
U.S. proposed “Open Door Policy”
Would give all countries equal rights to trade in China
Manchu agreed to the policy to prevent colonization
China is now completely open for trade

13. Boxer Rebellion
Manchu empress Cixi wanted to keep China the way it was
Group of Chinese rebelled against the foreigners
Empress secretly supported them
Foreigners called them “boxers” because they did martial arts and looked like boxers in U.S.
Boxers tried to kill all foreigners
An international army put down the rebellion
China was forced to pay for damages of the rebellion
US used $$ to educate Chinese children – gained favor with Chinese

14. Sun Yatsen & the Chinese Nationalists
Qing dynasty last one to rule China
Rebellions weakened government
War with Japan cost a lot in land losses & power
Many foreign countries in China, with influence
Government was too weak to protect the country from foreigners
China needed a new government
Sun Yatsen, Chinese doctor in US & Europe raising funds for rebellion against Manchu
He returned to China in 1911
Led a revolution, overthrew Manchu empire
Jan. 1, 1912 he became first President of China’s new republic
Last emperor, 6 years old, gave up throne

15. Sun Yatsen & the Chinese Nationalists
Sun’s term only lasted 2 months
Yuan Shikai, military officer, took over
Sun & followers formed the Nationalist political party
Harsh rulers fought for control for years – people suffered
By 1922, civil war broke out
Nationalist party tried to bring China together under a Nationalist government
Trained an army
Got support from the Soviet Union & Chinese Communists
Jiang Jieshi took over after Sun Yatsen died
By 1928, he set up Nationalist government
China left behind its dynasties & entered the modern world

16. Sun Yatsen & the Chinese Nationalists
San Yatsen
A group of armed soldiers at Swatow (Shantou) on the first day of the outbreak of the Chinese Revolution.

17. Japan Opens Its Doors After 1600, Japan became an isolated nation
Tokugawa family ruled
Did not allow:
Visitors
Foreign products
Foreign travel
Exporting Japanese products
If a sailor shipwrecked on Japan’s shore, he would be killed or arrested

18. Japan Opens Its Doors
US Naval Commodore Matthew C. Perry got Japan to open up to trade & interaction with other countries
Sailed into Tokyo Bay with four warships & a letter from the President
The letter asked Japan to change its policies
Better treatment of shipwrecked sailors
Allow whaling ships to buy supplies from Japan
Japan agree to trade goods with US
Japanese impressed by him & his ships, guns

19. Commodore Matthew Perry
Perry meeting with Japanese officials
Commodore Matthew Perry

20. The Japanese were in awe over the US ships, which had black smoke rising from them. They had never seen steam ships, and called them “dragons.” They also were shocked at the size of the guns on the ships.

21. Japan Opens Its Doors
Perry returned the next year, bringing more ships
The ruling shogun signed the treaty, the ports were opened & Japan entered a new era …
…the beginning of a “Modern Japan”

22. A Modern Japan
1858 – Japan signed another, more extensive treaty with the US.
Japan also signed treaties with
Great Britain
France
The Netherlands
Russia
Many things change after this, but some don’t want changes
Believers in Old Ways
Get foreigners out
Treaties are unequal
Believers in Modernizing
Learn from Western World
Feudal system outdated
Shogun /samurai era to end

23. A Modern Japan 1867 – Young emperor Mutsuhito came to power
He & followers begin modernization of Japan
Adopted “Meiji” as his title – “enlightened rule”
He ruled Japan until 1912 – known as the “Meiji period”
Traveled to other countries
Learned about industry, education, transportation, and banking
Built schools and brought in foreigners to teach
First Japanese Constitution is written
Emperor still “divine” (part God) – he holds power, but takes advice from elected representatives
Modern navy, army (no samurai)
Built steel mills, shipyards, electrical power plants

24. Japanese Imperialism
As Japan became more industrial, it needed more raw materials
Like other countries, it wanted overseas colonies
It would have to go to war to get them
: Japan was at war with China over Korea
With modern military, it easily defeated China
Took island of Taiwan
1904 – Russia tried to take Korea
At war again! Russo-Japanese War
Cost a lot for both sides
Japan won again – got some lands in China that were controlled by Russia

25. Japanese Imperialism In 1910 – Japan took over Korea completely
Japan’s victories surprised the world
It was the first time an Asian nation had proved stronger than a European nation
This was the beginning of Japanese imperialism