1. Chapter 28 THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

2. The Cold War Begins: Issues Dividing U.S., U.S.S.R.
Potsdam Conference
Control of postwar Europe
Economic aid
Nuclear disarmament 2 2

3. The Division of Europe
1945: Russians occupied eastern Europe, American troops occupied western Europe
Soviet Union sought eastern European buffer
U.S. demanded national self-determination through free elections throughout Europe
Stalin converted eastern Europe into a system of satellite nations 3 3

4. Europe after World War II

5. Withholding Economic Aid
Russia devastated by World War II
Some Americans sought to influence Russia with Lend-Lease economic aid
1945: United States halted Lend-Lease without Russian settlement
Leverage lost in shaping Soviet policy 4 4

6. The Atomic Dilemma 1943: Nuclear race between U.S. and U.S.S.R.
1946: Baruch Plan
Rapid reduction of U.S. military force
Gradual reduction favored U.S. atomic monopoly
Soviet Union
Larger conventional army than U.S.
Immediate abolition of atomic weapons 5 5

7. Containment 1947: George C. Marshall appointed Secretary of State
George Kennan: Called for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies” 6 6

8. The Truman Doctrine
1947: Truman sought funds to keep Greece, Turkey in Western sphere of influence
Truman Doctrine: “Support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure”
Doctrine an informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union 7 7

9. The Marshall Plan
1947: George Marshall proposed aid for rebuilding European industries
Russia refused aid
1948: Marshall Plan adopted by Congress
Plan fostered western European prosperity 8 8

10. Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 1948–1952

11. The Western Military Alliance
1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Military alliance included U.S., Canada, most of western Europe
U.S. troops stationed in Europe
NATO intensified Russia's fear of the West 9 9

12. The Berlin Blockade June, 1948: Russians blockade of Berlin
Truman ordered airlift to supply the city
1949: Russians end blockade
U.S. political victory dramatized division 10 10

13. The Cold War Expands 1947: U.S.-Russian arms race accelerated
1949: First Russian atomic bomb exploded, U.S. began hydrogen bomb development
Conflict expanded to Asia 11 11

14. The Cold War in Asia
1945: U.S. consolidates hold on Japan, former Japanese possessions in Pacific
1949: Victory of Mao Tse-tung brings China into Soviet orbit
Truman refused recognition of Communist China, began building up Japan 13 13

15. The Korean War
June 25, 1950: Communist North Korean forces invaded U.S.-influenced South Korea
Truman made South Korea’s defense a U.N. effort, sent in U.S. troops
U.S. routed Korean forces in South
Attempt to unify Korea drew in China
U.S. pushed back to South, war a stalemate
Result: Massive American rearmament 14 14

16. The Korean War, 1950–1953

17. The Cold War at Home New Deal economic policies undermined
Fears of Communist subversion
Republicans used anticommunism to revive their party 15 15

18. Truman's Troubles Obstacles to Truman’s Fair Deal reforms
Apathetic public
Inflation
Labor unrest
1946: Republicans won Congress 16 16

19. Truman Vindicated Taft-Hartley Act outlawed certain union tactics
Truman vetoed, Republicans overrode his veto
1948 election: Truman thought unelectable
Northern liberals supported Henry Wallace’s Progressive candidacy
Southern Democrats supported “Dixiecrat” Strom Thurmond
Republican Thomas Dewey overconfident and ran bland campaign, failed to challenge Truman on Cold War because of the Berlin Crisis
Roosevelt coalition reelected Truman on domestic issues 17 17

21. The Loyalty Issue
House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Communist subversion in government
Truman responded with loyalty program
Alger Hiss case
Democrats blamed for
”Losing" China to Communism
Russia's development of a hydrogen bomb 18 18

22. McCarthyism in Action
1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy launched anticommunist campaign
Innocent overwhelmed by accusations
Attacks on privileged bureaucrats
Supported by Midwest Republicans
Attracted Irish, Italian, Polish workers to Republicans 19 19

23. The Republicans in Power
1952: Eisenhower captures White House for Republican Party
July 27, 1953: stalemate accepted in Korea
Eisenhower dealt passively with McCarthy
1954: Attack on Army discredited McCarthy who is then censured 20 20

24. The Election of 1952

25. Eisenhower Wages the Cold War
Eisenhower prefers to work behind-the scenes
Eisenhower wanted to relax tensions with Soviets
Debt imposed by defense spending
Possibility of atomic warfare
Eisenhower “new look” policy relied on massive retaliation to deter Soviet attacks 21 21

26. Entanglement in Indochina
Eisenhower refused military aid for French retention of colonial Indochina
Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh prompted intervention to prevent election
Vietnam divided, election postponed
South Vietnam under U.S. puppet regime 22 22

27. Containing China Tough line against China
Drove wedge between China, Russia
Strategy ultimately worked
Effects not immediately apparent 23 23

28. Turmoil in the Middle East
1956: Nasser nationalized Suez Canal
France, England invaded Egypt
Eisenhower won Middle East trust by pressuring English, French withdrawal
1958: Lebanon invited U.S. troops to maintain order 24 24

29. Waging Peace Nuclear test ban treaty
U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreed to suspend nuclear testing in the atmosphere
October, 1957: Russians launched Sputnik
May, 1960: U-2 incident cancelled plans for summit on new Berlin Crisis 26 26

30. The Continuing Cold War
January, 1961: Eisenhower warned against growing military-industrial complex
Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace and tranquility 27 27