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2. Environmental Health and Toxicology
AP Environmental Science Review #11

3. Name the category of the environmental hazard being described
Hurricanes, floods, and fires
Physical hazard
Pesticides, disinfectant, and pharmaceuticals
Chemical hazard

4. Name the category of the environmental hazard being described
Viruses and certain bacteria
Biological hazard
Living close to a factory, smoking, or working in a mine
Lifestyle hazard

5. What is a pathogen?
A disease carrying agent (certain viruses, fungi, and bacteria can cause disease, and would be classified as pathogens)

6. What are the six modes of pathogen transmission?
Ingestion, contact, sexual transmission, bloodborne, airborne, and vectors (such as mosquitos)

7. True/False
Cancer has a genetic basis, but it is also be influenced by environmental factors.
True; for example air pollution can increase the risk of lung cancer

8. How is globalization related to biological hazards?
Certain diseases are able to spread quickly and internationally due to the travel that globalization requires

9. Name the Term
The intentional genetic manipulation of pathogenic organisms to increase their virulence or transmission
Bioterrorism

10. How is poverty sometimes related to health?
Poor water quality may transmit pathogens, individuals may not be eating enough or getting enough nutrition, more likely to live in areas of poor air quality

11. Provide examples of organizations spearheading educational programs and access to health care for the world’s poor.
United Nations, World Health Organization, U.S. Agency for International Development

12. Name the Term The study of how poisonous substances affect organisms
Toxicology
The degree of harm a chemical substance can inflict
Toxicity

13. Name the Term Any chemical that may cause negative health effects
Toxicant
Studies toxic substances that are discharged into the environment, or that are naturally in the environment
Environmental toxicology

14. What percent of time does the average American spend indoors?
90% (as of 2017)

15. Which two toxicants are the top two causes of lung cancer in developed nations?
Radon and cigarette smoke

16. List some model organisms that are frequently used in toxicology research.
Mice, flies, worms, guinea pigs, fish

17. Make a list of common indoor toxicants and their effects.
Lead; damage to brain, liver, kidneys, and stomach, may lead to cognitive delays or death
Asbestos; asbestosis (scarring of the lungs)
Radon and cigarette smoke; lung cancer
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; possible cognitive delays

18. True/False Toxins include artificial and natural chemicals.
True; for example, rattlesnake venom is a natural toxin
Chemicals always cause harm.
False; for example, water is a chemical and we need it in certain amounts to survive! In fact, we are made of chemicals.

19. True/False Our exposure to synthetic chemicals begins in the womb.
Our skin helps defend us from pathogens and harmful chemicals.
True; it is our first line of defense

20. Who wrote Silent Spring, and which pesticide did this book focus on?
Rachel Carson (journalist and naturalist)
DDT (dichloro-diphenyl- trichloro-ethane)

21. Describe an environmental effect of DDT.
Runoff was carrying the pesticide DDT into waterways, and it was accumulating in the bodies of fish. Raptors, such as bald eagles, that would eat these fish would get high concentrations of DDT in their bodies. (This is known as bioaccumulation). The DDT was impairing the eagle’s ability to create strong egg shells. When the mothers sat on their eggs, they would crack.

22. Does the U.S. still produce DDT?
Yes, we produce DDT for other countries, especially countries with mosquito related problems like malaria

23. Name the Toxin Category
Substances or types of radiation that cause cancer
Carcinogens
Substances that cause genetic mutations
Mutagens

24. Name the Toxin Category
Chemicals that cause harm to the unborn
Teratogens
Negatively affect the nervous system
Neurotoxins

25. Name the Toxin Category
Affect the endocrine system
Endocrine disruptors
Interrupt biochemical processes
Pathway inhibitors
Overactivate the immune system
Allergens

26. Endocrine disruptor (hormones are related to the endocrine system)
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical found in many plastics which has been shown to mimic hormones. Which category of toxin would it fit into?
Endocrine disruptor (hormones are related to the endocrine system)

27. Which organ in your body is most responsible for detoxification?
The liver

28. Acute or Chronic Exposure?
A girl is exposed to secondhand cigarette smoke throughout her childhood
Chronic; small doses over a long period of time
A rattlesnake injects venom into a hiker
Acute; a large dose once

29. Provide two ways toxins could quickly spread through an ecosystem.
If it is gaseous, it could spread with air currents. Many toxins are also spread widely through waterways.

30. Explain the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism has a higher concentration of a toxin in its tissues than the surrounding environment. Biomagnification occurs when toxins accumulate up the trophic levels. The top predators would have the highest concentrations in their bodies.

31. Pregnant women are discouraged from ingesting large amounts of certain fish during their pregnancy. Propose an explanation for this.
Certain fish may have accumulated high concentrations of teratogens, such as mercury, in their bodies. Due to biomagnification, this would be accumulate in the woman (the top consumer) in even higher concentrations (and thus also in her unborn baby).

32. Name the Term The process of analyzing patients’ health and histories
Case history
Comparing the health of large groups of people (usually a group that has been exposed to a toxin, and one that has been not)
Epidemiological study

33. Draw a dose-response curve
Draw a dose-response curve. Label both axes, the threshold, and the maximum effect.
Dose should be on the x-axis. Effect should be on the y-axis. The threshold is the part of the line where no, or little effect is shown. The line should then next show rapid positive growth. The maximum effect is the where the line levels out.

34. True/False A substance with a high LD50 is fatal in small doses.
False; LD50 indicates the dose of substance that would kill 50% of a population. If a substance has a high LD50, that means that only a very high dose would kill 50% of the population.

35. What does ED50 stand for?
Effect dose 50; the amount of a substance that would effect 50% of a population

36. What are synergistic effects, and why do they make studying toxins difficult?
Synergistic effects are the effects shown when multiple chemicals interact. Because we are exposed to many chemicals ever day, it is difficult to pinpoint the effect of just one.

37. Name the Term
Analyzing all of the potential risks of a certain situation
Risk analysis
Making decisions and strategies to minimize risk
Risk management

38. Provide examples of how our actions can release toxins into the environment.
Cleaning products and shampoos go down drains and could enter water supplies, if not recycled, plastic can become litter or enter landfills and release toxins into the soil as it very slowly degrades, etc.

39. What are some products bisphenol A (BPA) is found in?
Many plastic products including cups, containers, and silverware, CD cases, can liners, baby bottles and toys (although many companies are removing BPA from their products)

40. The Toxic Substances Control Act
Which Act directs the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to monitor industrial chemicals?
The Toxic Substances Control Act