1. Fall of Empires 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences
I. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of trans-regional political organization by the century’s end.
A. Older land-based empires (such as the Ottoman, Russian or the Qing) collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors (such as economic hardship, political and social discontent, technological stagnation or military defeat).

2. Russia and Revolution 1917 Russia entered WWI with wave of enthusiasm
St. Petersburg  Petrograd
Russia degenerated under war into chaos
Lost 4 million in the 1st year of war
Gov’t under Nicholas II was lacking resources, food, and fuel

3. March 8, 1917 - Revolution Bread Riots
Local military sided with masses
Regime had few supporters
Nicholas II abdicated on March 15 – end of Romanov dynasty 300 yrs.
Peoples revolutions erupted with cries for peace, bread, reform
Little planning or leadership
Most leaders were in exile (Lenin in Switzerland)

4. Provisional Government
Coalition gov’t called Provisional Gov’t
Led by Kerensky
They kept Russia in the war, did not enact land reform for peasants, or meet expectations of public

5. Lenin Returns
Bolshevik Wing were working against provisional government
Germans sent the exiled Lenin from Switzerland to Russia in a sealed train, hoping to cause trouble for the Provisional government
Upon his return, Lenin sees the chance to forge his dual alliance for revolution (peasants, workers)
Bolsheviks demanded all power go to the workers which they control
First attempt April 1917 failed – will try again in November 1917

6. Bolsheviks Goals Take Russia out of War – immediate peace treaty
Land reforms for peasants
Bread - trying to end shortage
“all power to the soviet”
they represent the masses

7. November Revolution 1917 Provisional Gov’t. overthrown November 6
Leon Trotsky, Lenin’s chief collaborator, organized himself with the soviets (workers)
Soviets and Bolsheviks seized the government buildings and dismantled the provisional government
Named Lenin the head of the new gov’t
Hardest part for the Bolsheviks was going to be keeping the power

8. Lenin’s next moves…
Issued decrees nationalizing land and giving it to the peasants
Factories turned over to their workers, banks were seized, church property was seized
March 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Took Russia out of the war
Signed a treaty which gave up Poland, the Baltic States, and the Ukraine
“peace at any price”
Lenin needed time to try to create order in Russia which was very chaotic

9. Civil War
Red (bolsheviks) vs. Whites(all groups opposed to Bolsheviks)
Bolsheviks won  patriotic edge, politically united goal, concentrated geographically in heart of Russia

10. End of the Romanovs Summer of 1918, Romanovs murdered
Lenin moved government to Moscow
Red Army – led by Trotsky

11. Road to Dictatorship
During the civil war Lenin enacted war emergency measures to win war – was communism
Introduced grain requisitions
Banned all non-Bolshevik parties (creation of a one party state)
Use of terror against political enemies

12. Cheka Secret police force Broad powers of punishment
Political violence common
Lenin had enemies, assassination was a threat

13. Legacies of Civil War Economy in state of ruin Workers strike
Peasant revolts over grain shortages
1921 famine hit Russia – took 4-5 M lives

14. Lenin Died Factions form b/c of differing economic ideals Leon Trotsky
Rapid industrialization w/ expropriation of farm production
Revolution throughout the world so that the SU would have outside support in order to build economically

15. Lenin Died Joseph Stalin Continue the NEP Slow industrialization
Decentralize economic planning
Modest free enterprise & small landholdings
Socialism in one country
Used newspaper (Pravada) to voice ideals
Stalin pushed Trotsky out who was expelled from the party, exiled to Siberia, and was eventually murdered in Mexico

16. Great Depression
The soviet economy grew more rapidly than any other nation in history
Gosplan (state Planning Commission)
Set goals for production
Reorganized economy to achieve goals
First large factory system developed in SU
New cities and work districts emerge
Party uses propaganda to gain support of the Five Year Plans

17. Control
Workbooks for workers describing infractions they had been guilty of
Not meeting quotas meant the worker was opposed to the Communist Party
Rewards for those who met quotas
Agriculture was collectivized
Grain shortages led to kulaks hoarding grain and unprecedented violence
A kulak became known as a farmer who resisted collectivization

18. The Results The gov’t controlled everything
An unknown number of deaths in the countryside
The Great Purges
Stalin started killing anyone who he thought was against him and his party
The exact number of deaths and imprisonments is unknown, but seems to be in the millions
New party structure and those who supported the Party were completely loyal to Stalin
New, younger members knew nothing of original Bolsheviks, Lenin, or Trotsky-All they was STALIN!

19. First Five Year Plan 1928-1932 Collectivization of agriculture
Improved techniques and technologies
Rebellion of the kulaks
Gov’t seized grains from peasants
Famine in

20. First Five Year Plan
Goal of industrialization was to double production and expand use of electrical power
More than 1500 new factories
Cars and tractors
Dnieper River Power Plant
New city Magnitogorsk
Used indirect taxes to fund the program
Food and consumer goods were rationed
Created a continuous work week
Women were encouraged to work in the factories
Socialist competition
Use of propaganda

21. Second & Third Five Year Plans
Push for industrialization continued, but at a more relaxed pace
Consumer goods were more available
Rationing of food was gone by 1936
Standards of quality rose

22. Culture of Soviet Russia
NKVD replaced the Cheka
White collar class more respected
More economic opportunity
Officers in the Navy and Army were restored
Some political prisoners were amnestied
Censorship continued
Emphasis on education in science
The Cult of Stalin
Great Purges

23. Ode to Stalin
O great Stalin, O leader of the peoples, Thou who broughtest man to birth. Thou who fructifies the earth, Thou who restorest to centuries, Thou who makest bloom the spring, Thou who makest vibrate the musical chords... Thou, splendour of my spring, O thou, Sun reflected by millions of hearts.
---A. O.Avidenko

24. China Puyi abdicated in 1911
Sun Yat-sen declared the creation of a Chinese Republic with him as its president
Did not establish a stable gov’t
Warlords were in charge
Warlords didn’t maintain public works and reinstated opium trade

25. Chinese Nationalism
Chinese thought the Paris Conference would force Japanese out, but this didn’t happen
Chinese got mad and revolted (May Fourth Movement)
Led to creation of the CCP (Chinese Communist Party)
Women’s rights
Opposed arranged marriages
No foot binding
Divorce

26. Combining Powers
Sun Yat-Sen combined the Nationalist People’s Party with the CCP into the Guomindang
In /3 of the Guomindange were Communist
Soviets helped organize the Party and established a new political system

27. Civil War When Sun died, Chiang Kai-shek took over
He did not believe in a socialist revolution
He turned on the CCP members who went on the Long March
Mao became the leader
Created Maoism
Communism with the peasants, not the workers, as the most important

28. Sino-Japanese Wars First War: August 1894 – April 1895
Fought over Korea by the Qing; China lost
Second War: July 1937 – September 1945
Japanese invaded Manchuria
China was in the middle of a Civil War & a warlord controlled the territory
LoN issued the Lyton Report (told Japan to leave); Japan left the LoN instead
50% of the deaths from the War in the Pacific were over this issue

29. People’s Republic of China
Civil War between Nationalists and Communists
Chaing Kai-shek hid out in Taiwan
Official proclamation of PRC was on Oct 1, 1949

30. Fall of the Ottomans Creation of Turkey after WWI
Turks encouraged Turkish language and culture
It is a democratic republic today, but there are issues of human rights