1. 2 Medical Science: History and Practice Lesson 1:
The History of Medicine

2. Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:
Define and spell the terms to learn for this chapter.
Discuss the contributions of early medicine to healthcare.
Discuss medical contributors of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.

3. Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:
Identify and discuss the role women played in the history of medicine.
Discuss modern medicine and the future of medicine.

4. History of Medicine
The First Doctors
Shamans
Witch doctors
Sorcerers

5. History of Medicine Code of Hammurabi
Used by Babylonian physicians in 3000 BC
Named after Hammurabi, an early king of Babylon
Laws relate to the practice of medicine
Included severe penalties for errors

6. Contributions of Ancient Civilizations
Egyptians
Lists of remedies
Surgical treatments of wounds and injuries
Records for sanitation
Jewish Religion and Culture
Personal hygiene practices
Sanitary preparation of food
Other matters of public health

7. Contributions of Ancient Civilizations
Greeks
Use of nonpoisonous snakes to treat wounds
The caduceus, the recognized symbol for medicine, depicts a healing staff with two snakes coiled around it
Indian
Herbal medical remedies as early as 800 BC

8. FIGURE 2-1 A caduceus, the emblem of the medical profession.

9. Contributions of Ancient Civilizations
Chinese
Writings about human blood pulses around 250 BC
Japanese and Chinese
Practice of acupuncture

10. Critical Thinking Question
What medicinal remedies were developed in ancient civilizations and are still being used today?

11. Early Medicinal Remedies Still Used Today
Opium derivates used in medication
Nitroglycerin to treat heart patients
Digitalis from the foxglove plant to regulate and strengthen the heartbeat
Sulfur and cayenne pepper to stop bleeding
Chamomile and licorice to aid digestion
Cranberry to treat urinary tract infections

12. Early Medicine Fifth Century to Sixteenth Century Medieval period
Often called “the dark ages”
Time of little or no progress in medical practices
Poor personal hygiene, poor nutrition, and lack of sanitation led to many epidemics

13. Early Medicine Fifth Century to Sixteenth Century
Fourteenth century bubonic plague considered a pandemic
Called black plague, or black death, because corpses appeared dark from hemorrhaging under the skin
Cause of plague: bacterium that grows primarily in fleas of infected rats and rodents

14. Early Medicine Fifth Century to Sixteenth Century
Medical teaching primarily verbal
Surgeons treated only the wealthy
Other patients relied on local barber to perform surgical procedures

15. Hippocrates 460-377 BC Known as “Father of Western Medicine”
Took medicine from realm of mysticism and philosophy and transformed it into scientific discovery and practice
Stressed body’s healing nature
Formed clinical descriptions of diseases
Discovered ability to identify some diseases by listening to the chest

16. Critical Thinking Questions
What is the Hippocratic Oath?
Is the Hippocratic Oath relevant to physicians in the 21st century? If so, how?

17. The Hippocratic Oath Part of the writings of Hippocrates
Serves as a widely used ethical guide for physicians

18. The Hippocratic Oath Oath includes the physician’s pledge to:
Work for the good of the patient
Do the patient no harm
Prescribe no deadly drugs
Give no advice that could cause death
Keep confidential medical information regarding the patient

19. Early Medicine Galen 130-201 AD Greek physician who practiced in Rome
Initially followed Hippocratic method
Stressed the value of anatomy
Founded experimental physiology
Based his theories on examination of pigs and apes
Known as the “Prince of Physicians”

20. Early Medicine Galileo: 1564-1642 William Harvey: 1578-1657
First to use a telescope to study the skies, leading to the invention of the microscope
William Harvey:
Wrote on the topic of blood circulation and using experimental method in medicine

21. Early Medicine Zacharias Janssen: 1580-1638
Dutch eyeglass maker who invented the microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek:
First person to observe and describe bacteria
Responsible for describing spermatozoa and protozoa

22. Medicine During the Eighteenth Century
John Hunter:
Founder of Scientific Surgery
Edward Jenner:
Performed the first vaccination using the cowpox vaccine

23. Medicine During the Eighteenth Century
Rene Laennec:
Invented the stethoscope
Benjamin Franklin:
Discovered that colds could be passed from one person to another

24. Critical Thinking Question
What advancements in medicine that impacted how patients were treated, occurred during the nineteenth century?

25. Medicine During the Nineteenth Century
Documentation of accurate anatomy and physiology
Use of sophisticated microscopes
Use of injection materials
Use of instruments such as ophthalmoscope
Discovery of the cell
Discovery certain diseases and wound infections caused by microorganisms

26. Medicine During the Nineteenth Century
Louis Pasteur:
Established the science of bacteriology
Joseph Lister:
Introduced antiseptic system in surgery
Ignaz Semmelweiss:
Traced the cause of puerperal sepsis

27. Medicine During the Nineteenth Century
Robert Koch:
Discovered the cause of tuberculosis
Paul Ehrlich:
One of the original “microbe hunters”

28. Medicine During the Nineteenth Century
Discovery of X-rays
William Roentgen:
Discovery of radium
Pierre Curie:
Marie Curie:
Discovery of psychiatry
Sigmund Freud:

29. Medicine During the Nineteenth Century
First demonstrated the use of ether as a general anesthetic
William Morton:
Crawford Long:
Helped to conquer yellow fever
Walter Reed:

30. Critical Thinking Question
How has medicine advanced from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century?

31. Medicine During the Twentieth Century
Death rates from diseases such as tuberculosis and diphtheria dropped dramatically
Overall mortality rates decreased
New emphasis placed on morbidity rates

32. Medicine During the Twentieth Century
Chemotherapy and specialty of oncology developed
Development of immunology
Progress in endocrinology
Advancements in nutrition

33. Medicine During the Twentieth Century
Alexander Fleming: 1881–1955
Discovery of antibiotics
Fleming and two other scientists won Nobel Prize for their work with penicillin – one of the first chemicals used to treat infections

34. Medicine During the Twentieth Century
Jonas Salk: 1914–1996 and Albert Sabin: 1906–1993
Developed vaccines that eradicated polio

35. Medicine During the Twentieth Century
Study of immunology advanced with the discovery of vaccines against:
Typhoid
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Tuberculosis
Yellow fever
Influenza
Measles

36. Women in Medicine Elizabeth Blackwell: 1821-1910
First female physician in the United States
Awarded degree in 1849
Florence Nightingale:
Founder of modern nursing
Referred to as “the Lady with the Lamp”

37. Women in Medicine Clara Barton: 1821-1912
Established American Red Cross and Federal Bureau of Records to help track injured and dead soldiers

38. Modern Medicine and the Future
1954: First successful kidney transplant
1960: Invention of the heart pump
1962: Reattachment of limbs
1967: First heart transplant
1978: First test-tube baby
1984: Discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS

39. Modern Medicine and the Future
1997: Cloning of first sheep
2001: Placement of an implantable heart
2001: Completion of human genome project

40. Modern Medicine and the Future
Mapping human genes has allowed for DNA testing to:
Identify criminals
Provide genetic counseling for prospective parents
Design treatments for diseases
Identify better treatments and potential cures may be possible for certain diseases

41. Hope for the Future Cure for AIDS Vaccine to prevent HIV
Cloning organs to overcome shortage of donors
Better treatment and outcomes for mental illness
Cure for heart disease, cancer, and obesity

42. Hope for the Future Methods to slow aging
Regeneration of brain and nerve cells to overcome paralysis
Development of antibiotics that do not allow bacteria to develop a resistant strain

43. Questions?