1. The Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949
AP World History
Chapter 29

2. I. The Stalin Revolution
Five-Year Plans
Stressed increases in electricity & heavy industries
Heavy industries included iron, steel, coal, and machinery.
Due to the Nazi takeover of Germany, the Second Five-Year Plan produced arms instead of consumer goods.
Collectivization of Agriculture
Kulaks ( better-off peasants)burned crops and killed livestock in response to collectivization
Forced the peasantry to pay for the investments and provide the labor and food supplies

3. C. Terror and Opportunities
Policies could only be carried out by threats.
Secret police, the NVKD implemented the terror.
Millions of ordinary Soviet citizens were sent to gulags (labor camps).
Soviet women entered jobs and careers previously closed to them.
Purges were a series of trials based on the opportunity to:
Remove old supporters of Lenin.
Remove Red Army officers suspected of treason.
Prepare the population for a dictatorship.
Spread terror to the lower levels of the population.

4. II. The Depression Economic Crisis Depression in Industrial Nations
The deepest, most widespread depression began from the stock market crash of 1929.
Depression in Industrial Nations
Nations the relied on exports to pay for imported food and fuel, in particular Japan and Germany suffered much more than France and Britain
Depression in Nonindustrial Nations
Non-industrialized countries that depended on the export of raw goods were hit hard also.
China was not dependent on foreign trade so their response was minimal.
South Africa economy boomed due to increasing value of gold.

5. III. The Rise of Fascism Mussolini’s Italy
Italy’s fasci di combattimento comprised mainly of unemployed veterans and violent youths.
Slogan of fascist Italy was “Il Duce (the leader is always right.”
Benito Mussolini:
Put Fascists in government jobs
Liberalized education
Gave employers control over employees
Crushed all other political parties

6. B. Hitler’s Germany
Adolf Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while serving a brief jail sentence.
Hitler’s “master race” reserved intense hatred for the Jews.
Economic well-being outweighed a loss of liberty.
Hitler’s goals for Germany:
Repeal the Treaty of Versailles
Take over all German-speaking territory
Expand into Poland
Eliminate the Jews from Europe.

7. C. The Road to War 1933-1939 Politics of “Appeasement”
Fear of war
Fear of communism
Lack of familiarity with fascist tactics
Belief that one’s word was a good as a contract.
Mussolini invaded Ethiopia because of the weakness of the Western democracies
Hitler first invaded Austria
Hitler signed a “secret pact” with USSR to divide Poland between them.

8. IV. East Asia The Manchurian Incident of 1931
China was preparing to challenge Japan’s presence in Manchuria – an area rich in coal and iron ore.
Many Japanese nationalists thought having Japanese colonies was the answer to the Depression.
Japan used an explosion on a railway track to provoke the Manchurian Incident – conquer the entire province.
Japan resigned from the League of Nations.

9. B. The Long March
Main challenge to government of China’s Chiang Kai-shek was the Communists party.
In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek purged the Chinese Communist Party.
Mao departed from standard Marxist-Leninist ideology because he relied on the peasantry and planned to redistribute land from the wealthy to the poor.
Mao was an advocate of women’s equality. He
Encouraged women to organize
Banned arranged marriages, foot binding and allowed divorce.
The Long March was Mao’s escape from the Guomindang to Shaanxi.

10. C. The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
In 1937, Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces near Beijing.
Warfare between the Chinese and Japanese was incredibly violent.
Chiang Kai-shek escaped to the mountains of Sichuan. There he built up a huge army to fight both the Japanese and Mao’s Communist army.

11. V. The Second World War The War of Movement
WWII introduced motorized weapons.
The German’s blitzkrieg which means lighten war.
Size and mobility of opposing forces meant that the fighting ranged over fast theaters of operation, economies of entire continents where mobilized for the war effort, and the civilians were thought of as legitimate targets.

12. B. War in Europe and North Africa
Winter of termed “phony war” because Britain and France both declared war on Germany but took no action.
USSR (Soviet Union) invaded Poland and the Baltic States.
The Battle of Britain was conducted primarily by air attacks.
Hitler resumed offensive tactics in 1940 on Scandinavia and Belgium.
Hitler wanted to enslave the Slavic people and create a “living space” in Russia
One of the fiercest battles on the Eastern front between USSR and Germany was at Stalingrad
The German army was routed in N. Africa by the British.

13. C. War in Asia and Pacific
Prime motivation for the Japanese invasion of SE Asia was its abundant oil and rubber production.
United States stopped shipments of steel, scrap iron, oil and other products.
In response, on December 7, 1941, Japanese planes bombed the United States navel base at Pearl Harbor.
Aircraft carriers were the key to victory in the Pacific Ocean.

14. D. The End of the War
The start of the final Allied push to end the war in Europe began on June 6, 1944 known as D-Day.
The United States had concentrated its efforts on Germany so the defeat of Japan took longer.
The U.S. use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was controversial.

15. E. Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory
The Communist Chinese forces defeated the Guomindang largely due to the greed and ineptness of the Guomindang.
The Chinese Communist Party enhanced its prestige by
Redistributing lands of the wealthy among the poor peasants.
Obtaining Japanese equipment and American weapons.
Waging battles against corrupt and alienating GMD forces

16. VI. The Character of Warfare
The Science and Technology of War
Innovations spurred by WWII included:
Synthetic rubber and antibiotics
Radar and nuclear weapons
Enormous death toll and vast number of refugees were generated in the war.
Soviet deaths numbered between 20 and 25 million
The Holocaust is estimated to have killed 6 million Jews

17. D. The Home Front in Europe and Asia
B. Bombing Raids
British and Americans excelled at bombing raids intended to break the morale of the civilian populations.
The fire bombing of Tokyo in 1945 killed 80,000 people and left a million homeless
C. The Holocaust
Nazi killing of civilians were part of a calculated policy of exterminating whole races of people.
Besides the Jews, the Nazis also killed Polish elites, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses', and the disabled and mentally ill.
D. The Home Front in Europe and Asia
The distinction between the front and the home front was blurred.
War demanded enormous and sustained efforts from all civilians

18. E. The Home Front in the United States
Production in the U.S. during WWII ended the Depression and unemployment.
Nutrition in the US improved and production created a post-WWII consumer boom.
Production was double that of all the Axis nations.
Long-lasting consequences of WWII was the recruitment of women and minorities into the labor force.
F. War and the Environment
During the Depression, construction and industry had slowed which reduced environmental stress.
The main cause of environmental stress during WWII was mining, industry and logging – the economic development, which increased demand for raw materials.