1. A Man of Contradictions
Anti-British/Pro-French
Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery
Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
Used loose construction of Constitution to justify his purchase of the Louisiana territory
Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in the “real world”.

2. ELECTION OF 1800
Jefferson & Burr received an equal number of votes in the Electoral College
This meant that the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives was required to choose a president

3. ELECTION OF 1800
Election of 1800: Hamilton disagreed on most issues Jefferson stood on. Hamilton personally disliked Jefferson and believed Burr to be “a most unfit and dangerous man.”
It took 35 ballots, but Jefferson finally won.
2. To eliminate future problems
12th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so their would never be a tie.
Federalists Democratic Republicans Adams--Pres Jefferson---Pres Burr---VP----73
electoral college

4. ~Thomas Jefferson’s 1st Inaugural
ELECTION OF 1800
-Significance: 1st peaceable transfer of political power from one party to another in modern government
--Jefferson’s philosophy brought to the White House and Democratic- Republican Congress
laissez-faire government- Jefferson promises a small gov. with a hands-off approach. Wants to reduce size of federal government.
Significance: Did not hold to beliefs. Increase the size of federal government.
“Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle,…We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
~Thomas Jefferson’s 1st Inaugural 4

5. JUDICIAL REVIEW - Midnight Judges appointed
Adams wants to leave behind Federalist judges
Appoints judges right before leaving office as a result of Judiciary Act of which expanded number # of judges to 16.
Significance- Federalist kept control of one branch of government, the judicial/supreme court
-Jefferson refused to recognized judges
Didn’t force Madison to deliver appointment to Marbury
-Marbury v. Madison- Marbury sues Madison to get Court to enforce appointment
John Adams & William Marbury (Federalists)
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
(Democratic Republicans) 5

6. JUDICIAL REVIEW Chief Justice John Marshall
-John Marshall is Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Marshall ruled against Marbury, saying the Court cannot make orders to Executive Branch
-case declares part of Judiciary Act unconstitutional
-Establishes principle of Judicial Review
Court can declare laws to be unconstitutional
Significance: Power of courts to determine whether laws follow Constitution 6

7. After losing to Jefferson in the election of 1800, Aaron Burr needed to revive his failing political career. Shortly thereafter, Burr read unflattering remarks made about him by Alexander Hamilton, his longtime political enemy. Burr, hoping for publicity, challenged Hamilton to a duel.
Usually, after a challenge was made, differences were resolved peacefully. But Hamilton and Burr did not reconcile. On the morning of July 11, 1804, they threw dice to see who would fire first. Hamilton won but fired into the air. Burr then shot his opponent in the stomach, and Hamilton died the next day.
Burr was charged with murder but fled before he was brought to trial. In 1806, he became involved in a failed plot to annex Mexico. Charged with treason, Burr fled to Europe but later returned to New York and practiced law until his death.
Hamilton v. Burr 7

8. A New President
Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress
Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking himself
Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural address
Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway congressional representatives

9. He kept most Federalist programs.
Continued to uphold the treaties signed by Adams& Washington
Followed policy of neutrality
Did not attack tariffs, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt
WHY?
Felt Federalist diplomats signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war.
The Bank of the United States was helping to get the country out of debt
Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy
Wanted to help 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster

10. Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies
Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act
Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years

11. Jeffersonian democracy
Visualized an agrarian society
Feared industrialization and its effects
Farmers were the chosen class.
Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s lives
Felt slavery would eventually end but predicted it would divide country
Ultimate goal: African Americans would assimilate into American society
Co-existence with Native Americans was a long range goal but felt they would have to learn agricultural ways and become self-sufficient
For the time being, felt Native Americans & whites could not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western lands
Jeffersonian democracy

12. New Orleans Spanish Land 1800 Great Britain’s claims in 1783
United States in 1783
Spanish land after 1783
New Orleans

13. In 1800, France & Spain signed secret pacts & France acquires Louisiana & New Orleans
French Land in 1801
Great Britain’s land after 1783
United States in 1783
Spanish land
New Orleans is a highly desirable port. WHY?

14. Buying New Orleans & LOUISIANA
Jefferson knew that the French would use their New Orleans’ strategic location to restrict American trade along the river
He offered to buy New Orleans and as much of the Mississippi Valley as possible from France ($10 million)

15. Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.
Haitian rev
HAITIAN REVOLUTION
Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti.
Napoleon was unable to put down this rebellion. He had wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America
Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.

16. LOUISIANA PURCHASE
Louisiana purchase
Since Napoleon lost Haiti & was at war with Great Britain, he offered the entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million
Jefferson authorizes the purchased of the Louisiana Territory, making it an excellent bargain (about 3 cents an acre)
Doubled the size of the US
Considered Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment
Why? Didn’t fight a war; no blood shed.

17. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION
This sparks a large debate:
Did the President even have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution?
Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction to justify his decision
“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you.”
LP Constitutional ?

18. Constitutional Controversy
Conflicted with his commitment to debt reduction
It facilitated the removal of eastern Native Americans by providing land for their exile
It promised fulfillment of his dream of an agrarian
LP Constitutional ?

19. Expansion of the United States
Map 6 of 45

20. Expansion of the United States with Louisiana Purchase 1803
Map 7 of 45

21. LEWIS AND CLARK
Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Merriweather Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north Louisiana
Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark.
Included York, an African American slave
Carried 21 bags of gifts
Establish good & stimulate interest in trading for US manufactured goods
They anticipated a crowded wilderness and hoped to cement relations with Native Americans.
Lewis sent boxes of natural history specimens to Jefferson, including plant and tree cuttings

22. Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
SACAJAWEA
Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition.
She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Knew the languages of mountain tribes
Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.
She was the 15-year old wife of a French Canadian trader Toussaint Charbonneau.
She and York were never paid for their services. York requested to be freed after expedition in order to join his wife but he was not freed.

23. The Expedition yielded maps, knowledge of Native Americans, & overland trail to Pacific
It caused many pioneers to turn their attentions westward in search of wealth and freedom.

25. Political career in ruins, he fled to the West
BURR Conspiracy
Political career in ruins, he fled to the West
In 1806, he schemed to take Mexico from Spain and carve a new empire out of the Louisiana Territory
Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

26. Britain and France Still at War
In 1805, the British and French were at war and at a stalemate. In an effort to gain an advantage, each side began blockading the other’s trade routes.
The US, dependent on both as trade partners, suffered greatly from the blockades.
To add insult to injury, the British began stopping American ships and impressing them again

27. C H E S A P E A K E A F F A I R
Chesapeake affair
1807, the USS Chesapeake was sent to protect US merchant ships 10 miles off the coast of Virginia.
A British ship in the region ordered it to stop, but it refused.
British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

28. Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington Federalist reported,
Chesapeake article
Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington Federalist reported,
“We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit of the people excited to so great a degree of indignation, or such a thirst for revenge, as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage on the Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and professions were unanimous in their detestation of the dastardly deed, and all cried aloud for vengeance.”
Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British

29. If you were Jefferson, what would you do?
EMBARGO ACT
Jefferson was at a loss.
He couldn’t go to war against the British because the US Navy was no match for England’s forces.
If you were Jefferson, what would you do?

30. This cut off trade with all foreign nations
Jefferson’s Response
He decided to boycott by convincing Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807.
This cut off trade with all foreign nations
By cutting off trade with them, he hoped that it would force them to respect US neutrality (aka economic coercion)
England and France were at war & traded most of their natural resources with the US
He was attempting to defend US neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world

31. While boycotting, he decided to increase military & naval expenditures
Embargo Act hurt the US because it basically shut down America’s import and export business, causing disastrous economic results
New England’s economy collapsed (talks of secession started), and smuggling became widespread
Jefferson thus repealed the unsuccessful Embargo Act and did not run again for president.
Thomas Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807, a self-imposed prohibition on trade with Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, badly damaged the U.S. economy without achieving the law's purpose of getting the warring powers to recognize U.S. neutrality.
The Embargo Act hurt American businesses because they could not trade
Americans started smuggling goods to foreign countries
Economic situation was so bad it made New England states talk about secession
Lasted 15 months & repealed in March of 1809

32. Settlers moving West and pushing natives off their land
WESTERN EXPANSION
Indian Conflicts
Settlers moving West and pushing natives off their land
- unfair treaties
American settlers not upholding promises made to natives-
Tecumseh’s League
Natives led by Tecumseh, angry with whites for taking their land. Wanted to attack whites after pilmrage. Brother Tenskwatawa planned secret attack, while he was gone. General Harrison found out of planned attack and attacked the league before they could attack.
“White people…have driven us from the great salt water, forced us over the mountains, and would shortly push us into the lakes. But we are determined to go no farther. The only way to stop this evil is for all red men to unite.” ~Tecumseh~ 32

33. EMBARGO ACT
embargo2
A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out,
“Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him , stretch forth his hands and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson) who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---and you shall be Conquerors!!!”
American people became angry with Jefferson
The Embargo Act was thus replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act by President Madison, which allowed U.S. exports and trade but not with France and Great Britain
-War Hawks emerge- Want to begin war with British. Henry Clay/John C. Calhoun
Possibility of gaining lands; Revenge for helping Indians
“Our ships all in motion, Once whiten’d the ocean; They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo; Now doom’d to decay They are fallen a prey, To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”