1. Form and Function of Vertebrates
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Form and Function of Vertebrates
Section 20-3
Rm THS

2. Alveoli

3. Objectives
Describe a single-loop circulatory system Describe a Double-loop circulatory system
Compare two techniques of body temperature control in vertebrates

4. Support and Movement Reptiles: horizontal limbs
Mammals: vertical limbs

5. Feeding and Digestion Carnivores: shorter digestive tract
Herbivores: longer digestive tract
Why?
Plant material takes longer to digest!

6. *
07/16/96
Respiration
What are some structures used for respiration in vertebrates?
Gills: fish, larval amphibian
Lungs: adult amphibian
Air sacs: birds
Lung: mammals
Bronchi
Alveoli
Gulping Air in a Frog is positive breathing
The pre show technique at Disney world is similar to air sacs in birds. *

7. Most efficient in Birds

8. People at Disneyland

9. birds - air sacs

10. Air Sac

11. frog gulping air?

12. Internal Transport: Single-loop
Fish
two sets of capillaries
pressure loss after gills
two-chambered heart
atrium
ventricle
less efficient

13. Internal Transport: Double-loop
amphibians: three-chambered heart
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
mammals: four-chambered heart
two atria, two ventricles
no mixing
blood to lungs: pulmonary circulation
blood to body: systemic circulation

15. Temperature Control Fishes, amphibians, reptiles
Environment used to control temperature
Ectotherms
Water: a constant temperature environment

16. fish in water

17. reptile sunning

18. Temperature Control Mammals
Generate body heat through chemical reactions in body tissues
Endotherms

19. Excretion Diffusion of ammonia Kidney Through gills: fish
Through skin: amphibians
Kidney
Urea: mammals
less toxic
Uric Acid: birds, reptiles
less soluble

20. Response Cephalization Cerebrum Brain Spinal cord
protected: vertebrae
Cerebrum
an increased size from fish to amphibians to mammals

21. Reproduction Almost always sexual External fertilization in some, e.g*
07/16/96
Reproduction
Almost always sexual
External fertilization in some, e.g
Codfish,frogs
Internal fertilization in
Mammals, birds, reptiles, certain amphibians
Trend toward internal fertilization
A few species of lizards, fishes, amphibians develop from unfertilized eggs. *

22. Reproduction Three Strategies*
07/16/96
Reproduction Three Strategies
Oviparous: (Fish) Eggs laid outside and fertilized – lots of eggs/offspring needed
Viviparous: (Mammal) – Few eggs Internal fertilization in
Ovoviviparous: (Shark) Trend toward internal fertilization
A few species of lizards, fishes, amphibians develop from unfertilized eggs. *

23. 14 REPTILE 15 VERTICAL 16 SHORTER, LONGER Xerox 20-3 1 D 2 H 3 F 4 E
5 B
6 C
7 I
8 C
9 D
10 E
11 G
12 A
13 F
14 REPTILE
15 VERTICAL
16 SHORTER, LONGER

24. 17 ventricle
18 atria ventricals
19 endothremic
20 b e f
21 urea
22 mammals, birds
23 sexually
24 4,1,2,3 mamal, fish, reptile, bird
25 Water does not vary greatly in its temperature.

25. frog gulping air? http://www.folkways.si.edu/images/frog-18.jpg
birds air sacs motion
People at disney land
Alveoli
reptile sunning
io/imaging/anatomy/bronchioles/&h=400&w=760&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dalveoli%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8
fish in water
References - Credits