1. Human reproduction answers
19/09/2018
Mr A Lovat

2. Genetics

3. Chromosome

4. Mendel

5. Nucleus

6. Testicle

7. Homologous

8. Dominant

9. Recessive

10. Allele

11. Fertilisation

12. Cell Division

13. Objectives I should be able to…
3.13  understand that the nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes on which genes are located
3.14  understand that a gene is a section of a molecule of DNA and that a gene codes for a specific protein
3.15  describe a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G)
3.16  understand that genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics

14. Homework
SEE WEEBLY for link Watch the video: Once you have watched the video, write a short story charting how we discovered the structure of DNA
19/09/2018
Mr A Lovat

15. Put these terms in size order & give an example!!!
Smallest
Chromosome
Gene
Allele
Organism
Nucleus
Protein
Cell
Nucleotide
Genome
Biggest

16. Put these terms in size order & give an example!!!
Biggest
Organism - Human
Cell - Red blood cell (RBC)
Nucleus - Control centre
Genome - Human genome
Chromosome - Sex ones
Protein - Collagen
Gene - Collagen gene
Allele - Blue eye
Nucleotide – G-A-T-C
Smallest

17. What makes you YOU?
19/09/2018
Mr A Lovat

21. DNA Fingerprints DNA can be analysed to make a unique pattern
This pattern is unique and can be used to identify you

22. How can you tell who’s saliva sample this is?

23. Looking at DNA: Fruit DNA Extraction
DNA: A double-helix found in the
nucleus of every cell of your body
Lets take a closer look!?
First image of double-helix… ever!

24. SpeedTest: http://www.purposegames.com/game/dna-base-structure-quiz
DNA from Fruit
Steps
Place a strawberry in a Ziploc bag and ensure it is sealed.
Grind it up with your fingers DONTY SPLIT THE BAG!
Add 10ML of extraction buffer and reseal the bag. Knead the strawberry again to mix.
Assemble a filter funnel with cheesecloth (as a filter) over a test tube and pour in the mixture
Leave to drip through into the test tube
Once it has filtered through, pour in the cold ethanol very slowly into the tube and observe (make sure the test tube is left completely still after the ethanol has been poured in.
Dip the loop/glass rod into the tube where the athanol comes into contact with the strawberry extract your should be able to remove the DNA
The DNA should form a long white strand as you pull it out of the extract.
SpeedTest:

25. DNA – true or false?

26. 32 . Deoxyribonucleic acid 6. DNA 0. Inheritance 303.Punnet square
5. Homozygote
73. Genetic disease
Periodic Table
22. Chromosome
30. Dominant
7. Recessive
3. Gamete
Genome .
101. Phenotype
9. Heterozygote
33. Allele
11. Chromosomes
94. Variation
93. Genes
13. Genotype
1. In which part of the cell is the DNA found? 51. Nucleus
2. You catch this, you inherit it from your parents? 73. Genetic disease
3. You can use these to the genes a child will get from its parents? 303. Punnet square
4. This is the physical appearance of someone – a result of their genotype? 101. Phenotype
5. Your DNA is packaged into these, you have 23 pairs of them. 11. Chromosomes
6. A recessive genetic disease. 22. Cf
6. If both of your genes for a trait are the SAME, we say your…. 5. Homozygote
7. A dominant genetic disease. 23. Huntington’s
8. This is the more powerful gene that can always be seen if it is present. 30. Dominant 9.
10. We are all different…. We call this…. 94. Variation
32 . Deoxyribonucleic acid
6. DNA
0. Inheritance
303.Punnet square
51. Nucleus
23. Huntington’s

27. 19/09/2018
Mr A Lovat

28. Objectives I should be able to…
3.15  describe a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G)
3.16  understand that genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics

29. What is DNA made of?
19/09/2018
Mr A Lovat

30. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is made up of four different bases.
A gene is made up of hundreds of these bases.
Three bases make one amino acid.
Amino acids are bonded together to make proteins
Mutations can change the structure of the protein.

31. DNA is made of Necleotides
Phosphate
sugar
base
Stay the same
Changes
Contains nitrogen & carbon
Pentose sugar
(5 Carbon atoms)
3 components:
Pentose sugar
(ribose in DNA)
Phosphoric acid
Organic base
(always contains nitrogen)

32. Complementary Base Pairing
A joins to T (2 hydrogen bonds)
C joins to G (3 hydrogen bonds) 5’
3 hydrogen bonds 3’ C G
0.34nm
Complementary Base Pairing A T 3’
2 hydrogen bonds 5’
2nm

33. The Double Helix

34. Speed test!

35. For the DNA strand 5'-TACGATCATAT-3' the correct complementary DNA strand is:B
3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5' C
3'-AUGCUAGUAUA-5' D
3'-GCATATACGCG-5' E
3'-TATACTAGCAT-5'

36. Did you know, the DNA in each of your cells is 10-15mm long!?
Tell me…
4 names of bases in DNA…
Words that DNA stands for…
2 sets of bases that bond together…
1 gene codes for one…
Did you know, the DNA in each of your cells is 10-15mm long!?

37. Speed test!
SpeedTest:

38. DO NOT EAT THE SWEETS TILL I SAY SO!
Build a DNA molecule
TASK
Use the sweets to build DNA
Things to show:
Double helix (coiling ladder) (Grade C)
Represent complementary base pairing (Grade B)
Sugar and phosphate backbone (A)
Without eating the sweets (A*)
Mount your DNA on A3 paper and label the parts
DO NOT EAT THE SWEETS TILL I SAY SO!

39. How do they look?
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Mr A Lovat

40. A better one….

42. 19/09/2018
Mr A Lovat

43. 19/09/2018
Mr A Lovat

45. Clone a cat

46. Wonderwall or
SPLAT

47. 5. Homozygote 73. Genetic disease Periodic Table 22. Cystic fibrosis
30. Dominant
7. Recessive
3. Gamete .
101. Phenotype
9. Heterozygote
33. Allele
11. Chromosomes
94. Variation
93. Genes
13. Genotype
1. In which part of the cell is the DNA found? 51. Nucleus
2. You catch this, you inherit it from your parents? 73. Genetic disease
3. You can use these to the genes a child will get from its parents? 303. Punnet square
4. This is the physical appearance of someone – a result of their genotype? 101. Phenotype
5. Your DNA is packaged into these, you have 23 pairs of them. 11. Chromosomes
6. A recessive genetic disease. 22. Cf
6. If both of your genes for a trait are the SAME, we say your…. 5. Homozygote
7. A dominant genetic disease. 23. Huntington’s
8. This is the more powerful gene that can always be seen if it is present. 30. Dominant 9.
10. We are all different…. We call this…. 94. Variation
6. DNA
0. Inheritance
303.Punnet square
51. Nucleus
23. Huntington’s

48. Objectives I should be able to…
describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram
predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses

49. Genetic jargon revision test
What do these genetic terms mean?
gene
Section of DNA that codes for a particular trait or characteristic.
allele
A different form of a gene that codes for a different version of a characteristic.
genotype
A description of the pair of alleles present for a characteristic.
phenotype
The physical expression of the alleles.

50. homozygous heterozygous dominant recessive
What do these genetic terms mean?
homozygous
Pair of alleles that produce a characteristic that are the same, e.g. HH.
heterozygous
Pair of alleles that produce a characteristic that are different, e.g. Hh.
dominant
An allele that will always be expressed even when there is only one of these alleles present, represented by a capital letter.
recessive
An allele that will only be expressed when both alleles are of this type, represented by a lower case letter.

51. Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Czechoslovakia.

52. Mendel came from a very poor family and he decided to become a monk to get the education he desired.

53. Mendel worked in the monastery gardens and he became fascinated with how peas grew.

54. Mendel carried out research into how characteristics were passed on in pea plants.
He kept detailed records of all his findings.

55. He came to the conclusion that some characteristics were dominant over others and they were never mixed.

56. He published a book of his findings in 1866, when he was 44 years old.
People did not understand his theories as no one had seen chromosomes.
He died 20 years later with no one taking notice of his work.

57. 16 years after his death people could finally see chromosomes through a microscope and he was given the recognition for his findings.

58. Online Mendel (homework)
Task:
Instructions:
Lesson 9 - Mendels Experiments Instructions.pdf

60. Wordwall inheritance key words
19/09/2018
Mr A Lovat

61. Genotype
Recessive
Chromosome
Allele
Phenotype
Gametes
Gene
Homozygous
Heterozygous
DNA

62. Genotype Recessive Chromosome Allele Phenotype Gametes Gene Homozygous
Alternative forms of a gene
Recessive
Genetic make up of an individual
Chromosome
Sex Cell – egg (Ovum) or Sperm
Allele
The two alleles present are different
Phenotype
Strands of DNA
Gametes
The two alleles present are the same
Gene
Physical appearance of a gene
Homozygous
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Heterozygous
Sections of DNA (chromosome) that determine inherited characteristics
DNA
The characteristics of this allele will only be seen if there is no dominant gene present

63. Objectives I should be able to…
describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram
predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses

64. Phenotype ; Dominant ;Genotype ; Recessive ; Allele
Task 1: Use the table below to match each of the keywords in the word bank to its definition (grade D/C)
Task 2: Read the information about John and Carl then answer the questions below:
Describe Carl’s phenotype (grade C) ____________________________________________________________________________________________
What is Carl’s genotype (grade B)?
______________________________________________
What could John’s genotype be (grade B)?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Why can we not be sure exactly what Carls genotype is? (Grade B/A) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Word bank:
Phenotype ; Dominant ;Genotype ; Recessive ; Allele
Keyword
Definition
Different versions of the same gene.
Your physical appearance.
The combination of alleles you have for a gene.
An allele that is always expressed even if you only have one copy of it.
An allele that is only expressed if you have two copies of it.
John
Carl
Students to complete questions.
Like all human beings, John and Carl each have two copies of the gene that controls whether or not they have dimples.
The version of the gene (allele) that causes dimples is dominant. It has the letter “D”.
The allele that causes you to not have dimples is recessive. It has the letter “d”.

65. Monster design: Characteristic Possible Alleles
Your monsters Genotype (its combination of alleles)
Your monsters Phenotype (what the monster looks like)
Skin colour
Red- Dominant (R)
Blue -Recessive (r)
Spikes
Yes- Dominant (S)
No -Recessive (s)
Tail
Short- Dominant (T)
Long -Recessive (t)
Fire breathing
Yes- Dominant (F)
No -Recessive (f)
Monster design:
What characteristic will my monster pass on?
Parents Genotypes:
Students to use the table at the top of the page to determine the genotype of an imaginary animal. For each characteristic they flick a coin; heads their monster has a dominant allele, tails a recessive. They need to flip the coin twice for each characteristic i.e. For skin colour Head + Tails = genotype Rr.
Students complete the table then using the phenotype information draw a sketch of their monster in the box on the bottom left.
Then students work with a partner to breed their monsters together. They select one characteristic and use the genetic cross diagram (bottom right) to work out the genotypes of potential offspring. This could lead into a discussion on creating new variations
Alleles in sex cells:
Possible genotypes of offspring:

67. Harry Potter Genetics

68. Revision of key words 1
Different forms of the same gene are called alleles
Different forms of the same gene are called alleles
Different forms of the same gene are called alleles
Each gene controls a different feature (e.g. eye colour)
Each gene controls a different feature (e.g. eye colour)
Each gene controls a different feature (e.g. eye colour)
We have 23 pairs (or 46 single) chromosomes.
We have 23 pairs (or 46 single) chromosomes.
We have 23 pairs (or 46 single) chromosomes.
A gene is a short section of the chromosome
A gene is a short section of the chromosome
A gene is a short section of the chromosome
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
…except for the sex cells (egg and sperm)
…except for the sex cells (egg and sperm)
…except for the sex cells (egg and sperm)
Chromosomes are found in pairs in most cells
Chromosomes are found in pairs in most cells…
Chromosomes are found in pairs in most cells…

69. Revision of key words 2
For each characteristic, a child inherits one allele from the mother and one allele from the father.
This means that we have two alleles for every characteristic (e.g. eye colour).
The alleles in a pair can be the same as each other or different.
Alleles can be dominant or recessive.

70. Revision of key words 3 2 dominant alleles BB 2 recessive alleles bb
B = brown eye allele
b = blue eye allele
There are only dominant brown eye alleles so the child will have brown eyes.
There are only dominant brown eye alleles so the child will have brown eyes.
There are only dominant brown eye alleles so the child will have brown eyes.
2 dominant alleles BB
2 recessive alleles bb
1 dominant and 1 recessive allele Bb
There are only recessive blue eye alleles so the child will have blue eyes.
There are only recessive blue eye alleles so the child will have blue eyes.
There are only recessive blue eye alleles so the child will have blue eyes.
The dominant brown eye allele ‘wins’ so the child will have brown eyes.
The dominant brown eye allele ‘wins’ so the child will have brown eyes.
The dominant brown eye allele ‘wins’ so the child will have brown eyes.

71. Is the ‘magical allele’ dominant or recessive?
Discussion Task:
Is the ‘magical allele’ dominant or recessive?
Discuss the following information with your partner and use it to decide whether the ‘magical allele’ is dominant or recessive.
Harry’s parents were both wizards.
Ron’s parents are both magical – and all
of his brothers and sisters are witches and
wizards too.
Both of Hermione’s parents are Muggles
but she has still inherited magical abilities.

72. So, what was the % chance of Harry’s mum being magic?
Harry’s mum’s family
Remember:
The ‘magical’ (m) allele is RECESSIVE
The ‘muggle’ (M) allele is DOMINANT
Your task: Mm Mm
Harry’s grandparents M m M m MM Mm mM
Harry’s mum mm
Aunt Petunia
Muggle
Muggle
Muggle
MAGIC
So, what was the % chance of Harry’s mum being magic?

73. So, what was the % chance of Dudley being magic?
The Dursley family
Remember:
The ‘magic’ (m) allele is RECESSIVE
The ‘muggle’ (M) allele is DOMINANT
Your task:
Aunt Petunia
Uncle Vernon Mm MM M m M M
Cousin Dudley MM MM mM mM
Muggle
Muggle
Muggle
Muggle
So, what was the % chance of Dudley being magic?

74. The Weasley family mm mm m m m m mm mm mm mm
Your task:
Mr Weasley
Mrs Weasley mm mm m m m m
Bill Weasley
Charlie Weasley
Percy Weasley
Fred and George Weasley
Ron Weasley
Ginny Weasley mm mm mm mm
MAGIC
MAGIC
MAGIC
MAGIC
What was the % chance of the Weasley children being magic?

75. Muggle-born witches and wizards
Hermione’s mum and dad are both Muggles…
(Some people question how Muggles are able to produce magical children. It is likely that they would have a magical ancestor, possibly several generations ago.)
…but Hermione is a witch.
What combination of alleles must Mr and Mrs Granger have?

76. Is it possible for a child with one magical parent and one Muggle parent to be born with magical abilities?
(Voldemort (Tom Riddle) was a half-blood as his father, another Tom Riddle (snr) was a Muggle and his mother was pure-blood.)

77. (It is often considered embarrassing to have a Squib in the family.)
Squibs
A Squib is a child born to magical parents but who has no magical ability.
(It is often considered embarrassing to have a Squib in the family.)
So how come Argus Filch is a Squib even though both of his parents are magic?

78. Your task: Choose 2 examples of Harry Potter genetics.
One way of drawing genetic cross diagrams…
Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squ...
Choose 2 examples of Harry Potter genetics.
Draw a genetic cross diagram for each one.
Next to each diagram, give the % chance of a child being a witch or wizard in that family.
1. Mm and Mm (The Grangers or Harry’s mum’s family)
2. mm and mm (The Weasleys)
3. MM and Mm (The Dursleys)
4. MM and mm
5. Mm and mm (Voldemort’s family)
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 6

79. Extension task:
Your task:
Write a paragraph to explain how witches and wizards can be born of Muggle parents.
Add another paragraph to explain why it is very rare for Squibs to be born into wizarding families.
Mr and Mrs Weasley have had 6 boys and 1 girl. If they had another child, what would be the % chance of it being a girl? Draw a genetic cross diagram to help you explain. (Girl = XX. Boy = XY)

80. One way of drawing genetic cross diagrams…
Your task:
Mother’s alleles
Father’s alleles Mm Mm M m M m MM Mm mM mm

81. Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares

82. Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares

83. Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares
Mother’s alleles →

84. Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares
Mother’s alleles →
Father’s alleles ↓

85. Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squaresMM Mm mM mm
Mother’s alleles →
Father’s alleles ↓

86. Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares
Your task:
Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares M m MM Mm mM mm
Mother’s alleles →
Father’s alleles ↓

88. Objectives
3.21 understand that the sex of a person is controlled by one pair of chromosomes, XX in a female and XY in a male
3.22 describe the determination of the sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic diagram

93. Numbers 1 - 8
Listen to the following song and write down the sex chromosomes found in the chorus.

94. Deaf screening: http://news. bbc. co
Sex screening:

95. Do you think IVF embryos should be screened for deafness
Do you think IVF embryos should be screened for deafness? Explain your answer considering ethical, social and economic factors.
Would it make a difference to your answer if it was screening for cancer risk? Gender? Criminality risk? Eye colour?