1. WMM

2. Homework
Due in 16th October Plan an essay to the following question: Describe and evaluate the working memory model (16 marks) You will write this in class under timed conditions

3. Objectives
To be able to… Outline the working memory model of memory Challenge Apply the WMM to novel scenarios (VESPA: Practice, effort)

4. Starter
Imagine folding these shapes into cubes. Do the arrows meet? At the same time try to calculate how many windows are in your house.
Is this easy?
Try calculating the windows in your house while listening to music.
Is this easy?

5. Testing the WM Work this out and write down the number
How did you do this?
What part of your WM were carrying out the tasks?
Imagining your home?
Keeping a count of the number?
Coordinating the tasks?

6. Features of the Working Memory
An alternative to the simplistic MSM
Developed by Baddely and Hitch in 1974
Argues the STM (working memory) is not a unitary store
The working memory has replaced the idea of a STM
According to Baddeley the working memory has more than one component
Baddeley saw LTM as a more passive store that holds previously learned material for use by the STM when needed.
Baddeley and Hitch (1974) suggest a more complex and dynamic STM than the MSM version. All the information you are currently thinking about is held in the working memory, i.e. it is what you are working on. Hence “Working Memory”.
It has several but connected parts, unlike the single STM store of the MSM.
It is an active system. It allows us to work things through, like mental arithmetic, but has a limited capacity. They suggested a multi-component WM comprising of four components to represent the form of processing being carried out.
Memory is not just one store but a number of different stores:
2 visual tasks = poorer performance but 1 visual and 1 verbal means no interruption
Focused on STM ONLY and believed it was not a unitary store (like MSM)!!
Saw LTM as a more passive store that holds previously learned material for use by the STM when needed.

7. Working memory Model-Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
Central Executive
The attentional control system
Modality free: limited capacity
Where decision making happens
Phonological Loop
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
Spatial and visual information, temporary storage system.
Limited capacity.
Logie suggests further division:
Visual Cache and the inner scribe, which deals with spatial information. ‘The inner eye’
Phonological Store
Speech-based storage system. Holds the words you hear. Decay rate: seconds. ‘Inner ear’
Articulatory Process
Verbal rehearsal system. Words heard or seen are silently repeated.
Limited capacity
‘The inner voice’
Form of maintenance rehearsal
Episodic Buffer
Temporary Storage system that allows information from the CE/PL/VSS to be combined with information from LTM….integrates this information
If you were asked to count the number of windows in your house, you would do this using your VSS.
Manoeuvring around your bedroom in the dark?

8. What aspect of the WMM do the following pictures represent?

9. What is the Central Executive in charge of in the model?
WMM
Central Executive
Imagine the fat controller…
What kind of role does he play?
What does his job involve?
If he was in charge of memory what would he do?
This is also the role of the Central Executive!
What is the Central Executive in charge of in the model?

10. Central Executive
Limited Capacity – Data arrives from the senses but it can’t hold it for long.
Modality free
It involves reasoning and decision making tasks!
Determines how resources (slave systems) are allocated: which issues deserve attention and which should be ignored, helps co-ordinate the sub-systems and connect working memory with LTM.
The central executive
store information for a brief period of time
limited capacity
performs a number of tasks such as focus and switch attention, co-ordinate the sub-systems and connect working memory with LTM.
Baddeley (1986) uses the metaphor of a company boss to describe the way in which the central executive operates.  The company boss makes decisions about which issues deserve attention and which should be ignored. 
They also select strategies but can only do a limited number of things at the same time. The boss of a company will collect information from a number of different sources such as from the inner ear and eyes and information held in a large database (LTM).

11. 1st Slave System…
Phonological Loop
Imagine… You are watching your favourite programme when your Mum comes in and starts telling you about her day… What happens?

12. Phonological Loop Limited Capacity (2 seconds) Modality specific
1st Slave System…
Limited Capacity (2 seconds)
Modality specific
Deals with auditory information and preserves word order – Inner Ear
Baddeley (1986) further subdivided it into
Phonological store (holds words heard)
Articulatory process (holds words heard/seen and silently repeated (looped) like an inner voice. This is a kind of maintenance rehearsal).
The phonological loop
divided into two components
a phonological store which holds auditory memories for a few seconds before they fade
articulatory rehearsal process which is essentially sub-vocal speech and has a limited capacity of about 3-4 items.

13. Visuo-spatial sketch pad
2nd Slave System…
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
Limited Capacity (2 seconds)
Modality specific
Deals with auditory information
Visual and/or spatial information stored
Divided into two components,
the visual component which deals with objects and features such as shape and colour (what things look like)
spatial component which deals with locations and movements in space and it involves tasks such as planning routes. (relationship between things)
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
limited capacity
divided into two components,
the visual component which deals with objects and features such as shape and colour
spatial component which deals with locations and movements in space and it involves tasks such as planning routes.
Apply: What situations might we use our visuo-spatial sketchpad for in real life?

14. Episodic Buffer 3rd Slave System…
Baddeley (2000) added episodic buffer as he realised model needed a more general store.
Slave systems deal with specific types of information.
Central executive has no storage capacity
Buffer extra storage system but with limited capacity of 4 chunks
Integrates information from all other areas.
Way of ensuring WM has access to long term memory
The episodic buffer
added in 2000
explain how information is integrated from the slave systems, and how the processing of information in working memory requires access to information in long term memory.
Relatively limited information into the episodic buffer

15. Consolidation
Complete the consolidation sheet to compare the coding, capacity and information in each of the WMM components.

16. WMM
Consolidation

17. How does the Working Memory Model explain these behaviours?
Activity 2
How does the Working Memory Model explain these behaviours?
Watching a film with moving pictures and sound, and perceiving them as one thing
Being able to repeat the word ‘the’ over and over again whilst drawing a picture of your house 
Being able to repeat sentences in your head for a few seconds
Being able to repeat a short melody that someone sings to you 
Not being able to recall seven long words (such as photosynthesis, exacerbation, serendipity etc) but being able to recall seven short words (such as car, house, dog etc.)
Participants not being able to follow a moving point of light on a screen whilst describing the angles of a hollow F

18. Activity 2: answers
a) Watching a film with moving pictures and sound, and perceiving them as one thing
This is the task of the episodic buffer. It binds information together so that it can be experienced as one event and not two separate events
b) Being able to repeat the word ‘the’ over and over again whilst drawing a picture of your house
 We can do this because the phonological loop and the VSSP are completely separate, allowing this dual-task to be completed because of the different nature of the tasks
c) Being able to repeat sentences in your head for a few seconds
 This is the articulatory control system which allows a replication of short sounds

19. Activity 2: answers
d) Being able to repeat a short melody that someone sings to you
This is the articulatory control system. The sound recorded and replayed does not have to be spoken word
e) Not being able to recall seven long words (such as photosynthesis, exacerbation, serendipity etc.) but being able to recall seven short words (such as car, house, dog etc.)
 This is because the articulatory control system has a limited duration and therefore capacity. The ‘loop’ only lasts for a few seconds, so not all the long words can fit on, whereas they can if they are short words
f) Participants not being able to follow a moving point of light on a screen whilst describing the angles of a hollow F
This is explained by the limited capacity of the VSSP which cannot cope with two visual tasks at the same time.

20. WMM
Activity 3: Apply WMM

21. Activity 4: Page 10 of workbook
Complete the question on the WMM

22. Plenary: ABC The working memory
Create 5 questions that you can use to test a students understanding of todays lesson

23. WMM: Evaluation

24. Starter: testing the WM
You are listening to the radio and the presenter tells you about a competition that you are interested in. The presenter gives you a number but you haven't got a pen on you so have to look around the house to find a pen you put down earlier. You finally find the pen and write down the number you have been repeating over and over so you do not forget.
Identify the components that are carrying out each of the tasks.