1. Evolution of the Presidency
Some extra explanation
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2. Evolution Precedents Advise and Consent – becomes consent by precedent
Veto power – Evolves from “unconstitutional” to “bad policy” to “pocket veto”
Appointment Power
Does dismissal require consent?
From spoils system to civil service

4. Expansion of Veto Power

5. Recent Expansion

6. Early Expansion Prez Washington Jackson Lincoln
Civilian control – Refusal to join coup attempt
Federal supremacy – Control over state militias
Limited power – Two terms
Jackson
Federal supremacy – Rejection of nullification
Spoils system – Open partisanship
Lincoln
Emergency powers – Suspension of habeas corpus
Federal supremacy – War to prevent secession

7. Modern Presidents Justifications
Expanded power needed in modern world.
Modernization = administrative expansion.
Expand bureaucracy as needed
Increased global complexity = national security state