1. Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves

2. Difficulty of Task Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
Whether you like Disney movies
how long ago you watched the movie
how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

3. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over.
Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

4. Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

5. Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in- the blank tests).
With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
Which is easier?

6. As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is…….
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

7. Information Processing
The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short- term memory, and c) long-term memory.
OBJECTIVE 2| Describe Atkinson-Schiffrin’s classic three-stage model of memory and explain how contemporary model of working memory differs.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

8. Problems with the Model
Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.
Since we cannot focus all the sensory information in the environment, we select information (through attention) that is important to us.
The nature of short-term memory is more complex.

9. Types of Memory
Sensory Memory: The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-Term: Memory that holds a few items briefly
The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.
Mr. Short Term Memory-SNL
Long-Term Memory:The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
H.M Memory on NPR

10. The Memory process Crash Course Psychology #13
Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.
Asking for a girl’s number at a party
Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.
Remembering her name when you call her
Retrieval:The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Calling her by the wrong name

11. Two ways to encode information
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
You encode space, time and word meaning without effort.
Things can become automatic with practice.
For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk, you will encode the meaning of what I am saying to you without any effort.
Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique.
Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

12. Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition.
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ
Hermann Ebbinghaus
( )

13. Rehearsal
The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2.

14. Take out a piece of paper and….
List the U.S. Presidents

15. The Presidents Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower J.Adams Fillmore
Cleveland
Kennedy
Jefferson
Pierce
McKinley
L.Johnson
Madison
Buchanan
T.Roosevelt
Nixon
Monroe
Lincoln
Taft
Ford
JQ Adams
A.Johnson
Wilson
Carter
Jackson
Grant
Harding
Reagan
Van Buren
Hayes
Coolidge
Bush
Garfield
Hoover
Clinton
Tyler
Arthur
FD.Roosevelt
Bush Jr.
Polk
Truman
Obama

16. Memory Effects
Next-in-line-Effect: When you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people around you say. 
Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time.
Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.

17. Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Presidents
Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

18. Encoding exercise
Types of Encoding
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

19. Stephen Wiltshire draws NYC
Visual Encoding
Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how encoding imagery aids effortful processing, and describes some memory-enhancing strategies that use visual encoding.
Both photos: Ho/AP Photo
Stephen Wiltshire draws NYC

20. Mnemonics Crash Course Psychology #13
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery in aiding memory.
"

21. Method of Loci List of Items Imagined Locations Charcoal Backyard Pens
Bed Sheets
Hammer .
Rug
Imagined Locations
Backyard
Study
Bedroom
Garage .
Living Room

22. Link Method List of Items Newspaper Shaving cream Pen Umbrella . Lamp
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

23. Organizing Information for Encoding
Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories.
1. Chunking-Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Often it will occur automatically.
Acronyms-HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
2. Hierarchy-Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.
OBJECTIVE 7| Discuss the use of chunking and hierarchies in effortful processing.

24. Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy

25. How we retain the information we encode
Storage
How we retain the information we encode

26. Storage: Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below:
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval

27. Capacity M U T G I K T L R S Y P
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information (1956).
Ready?
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
You should be able to
recall 7±2 letters.
George Miller

28. Storage and Short-Term Memory
Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.
Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information.
We recall digits better than letters.

29. Storing Implicit & Explicit Memories
Explicit Memory refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. Implicit memory involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows.
OBJECTIVE 13| Distinguish between implicit and explicit memory, and identify the main brain structure associated with each.

30. How are the Memories Stored? Synaptic Changes
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) A long-lasting change in the structure or function of a synapse that increase the efficiency of neural transmission.
Both Photos: From N. Toni et al., Nature, 402, Nov Courtesy of Dominique Muller

31. Stress Hormones & Memory
Heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories.
Hormones such as Epinephrine act on brain centers in the brain
Extreme stress undermines learning and later recall
How does this apply to an exam?
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss some ways stress hormones can affect memory.

32. Brain structures
Hippocampus: turns STM into LTM
The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek hippos meaning "horse" and kampos meaning "sea monster")

33. Where Are Memories Stored?

34. Biological Forgetting Factors
Damage to the Hippocampus
Difficulty forming new memories
Diminished in Alzheimer’s patients
Neurotransmitters play a role
Acetylcholine
Alzheimer’s patients show low levels of this
Decay theory
Memories deteriorate because of the passage of time
Distractor Studies – information fades from STM

35. How do we recall the information we thought we remembered?
Retrieval
How do we recall the information we thought we remembered?
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store.
Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!

36. Retrieval Cues Priming
We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information.
Give out priming worksheet
For the most part, the priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect basically consists of repetition priming and semantic priming.

37. Retrieval Cues
Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.
water
smell
hose
Fire Truck
fire
OBJECTIVE 15| Explain how retrieval cues help us access stored memories, and describe the process of priming.
smoke
truck
heat
red

38. Repetition Priming
1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.

39. Semantic Priming
2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated.

40. Déja Vu
Déja Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience.
© The New Yorker Collection, Leo Cullum from
cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved

41. Forgetting

42. We cannot remember what we do not encode.
Encoding Failure
We cannot remember what we do not encode.
OBJECTIVE 19| Discuss the role of encoding failure in forgetting.

43. Retrieval Failure
Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed.
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon. Given a cue (What makes blood cells red?) the subject says the word begins with an H (hemoglobin).

44. Interference Learning some new information may disrupt
retrieval of other information.
OBJECTIVE 21| Contrast proactive and retroactive interference, and explain how they can cause retrieval failure.

45. Types of Retrieval Failure
Proactive Interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.

46. Types of Retrieval Failure
Retroactive Interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, it
leads to better recall.
When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last year.

47. False Memories Elizabeth Loftus
Repressed or Constructed? Some adults actually do forget childhood episodes of abuse, however much of what we remember is not repressed, just reconstructed.-See 40 Studies “Thanks for the Memories” False Memory Syndrome A condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of a traumatic experience, which is sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists.

48. Improving Memory Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.
Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material.
Make material personally meaningful.
Use mnemonic devices:
associate with peg words — something already stored
make up a story
chunk — acronyms
Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate the situation and mood.
Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation.
Minimize interference:
Test your own knowledge.
Rehearse and then determine what you do not yet know.
OBJECTIVE 28| Explain how an understanding of memory can contribute to effective study techniques.