1. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)

2. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
Anthropocene

3. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
The major groups of mammals had evolved in the Jurassic and Cretaceous.

4. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
The extinction of the dinosaurs opened many niches, but the mammals were hammered by extinctions, too.

5. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
Who Makes it?
- Monotremes
Platypus
2 species of Echidna

6. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
Small mammals quickly radiate into most ecological niches except large predators.
K T
K T

7. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
In the absence of dinosaurs, the birds radiated: Terror Birds!
seed eater?
Gastornis in NA/Asia

8. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
In the absence of dinosaurs, the birds radiated: Terror Birds!!
Phorusrhacids in SA: Top Predators

9. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
In the absence of dinosaurs, the birds radiated: Terror Birds!!!
Phorusrhacids in SA: Top Predators
Largest one yet, found in Argentina in Oct. 2006, probably stood over 10 feet tall.
Chiappe and Bertelli Nature 443:929.
2.3 ft
Kelenken guillermoi
condor

10. Kelenken guillermoi

11. Diverse and abundant, lasting until ~ 10 mya (Middle Miocene).

12. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
MAMMALIAN RADIATIONS:

13. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
The nature of these radiations varied on the different, separated continents

14. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
The earliest marsupials evolved in North America, but the were practically wiped out there at the K-T. They didn't recover in NA, but weathered the K-T (and ultimately dominated the fauna) in the southern supercontinent of SA, Antarctica, and Australia, eventually radiating into all ecological niches.
late Cretaceous Alphodon, a Didelphiformian (common marsupial group)

15. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
The earliest Cenozoic marsupials are in SA (Paleocene), but by the Eocene they are present in Antarctica and Australia. They begin as insectivores...
Argyrolagus (SA)

16. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
then radiate as large herbivores (in Australia, primarily)...
Diprotodon

17. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
and finally radiate as top predators.
'cat-like'
Thylacoleo
Marsupial "Lion"
(Australia)
Plio-and Pleistocene
(6-2 mya)

18. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
and finally radiate as top predators.
'cat-like'
Thylacosmilus (SA and Australia)

19. Borhyaena (SA)
IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
and finally radiate as top predators.
'Dog-like'
Thylacine (Australia)

20. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches:
“teddy bear” niche
45 species of terrestrial herbivores (Wallabies and Kangaroos
Insectivore
Nectarivore
Honey Possum
Fossorial

21. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches:
Arboreal Glider
Arboreal Herbivore/Frugivore
brush-tailed Possum

22. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches:
'cat-like'
Predator
Quolls (several species)

23. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches:
Video – last thylacine (died in Hobart Zoo, 1936)
'dog-like'
Predator

24. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches:
Omnivore/Scavenger
Tasmanian Devil

25. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
In SA, in addition to the marsupials, there were placental mammals - but only radiating as large herbivores:
Toxodon

26. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
and a notable mammalian clade, the Xenarthans - Sloths, Armadillos, Anteaters - were diverse and abundant in SA faunas:
Glyptodon
Megatherium

28. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
and an Africarabian fauna evolved in isolation on Africa/Arabia - the modern group called that Afrotheria:
Elephant Shrews
Aardvarks
Hyraxes
Golden Moles
Elephants
Tenrecs

29. Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J, et al
Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J, et al. (2006) Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. PLoS Biol
4(4): e91.

30. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Paleocene (65-55 mya)
The multituberculates dominated the "rodent niche" in northern continents.
Ptilodus

31. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Paleocene (65-55 mya)
The first large herbivores were Pantodonts... including Titanoides and Coryphodon. There are few direct adaptations to an herbivorous lifestyle
Ptilodus

32. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Paleocene (65-55 mya)
A major clade of early mammals were the Condylarths – omnivores ancestral to the modern ungulates (Artiodactyls and Perissiodactlys) and carnivorous Mesonychids.
Phenocodus

33. Artiodactyls
Condylarths
Perissodactyls
Mesonychids
Carnivora
Creodonts

34. Modern Carnivora descend from the Paleocene family: Miacidae

36. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Paleocene (65-55 mya)
Oldest Primate (at least 55 mya):
Archicebus Achilles
From China,
Described June 2013

37. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Eocene (54-38 mya)
Many modern groups evolve in the northern continents:
Artiodactyls and Perrissiodactyls replace condylarths
proto- horses (Hyracotherium), tapirs, rhinoceroses, and camels,
and whales (Basilosaurus) evolve.

38. Mesonychids - Andrewsarchus
3 – ft skull

40. Whale Evolution

41. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Eocene (54-38 mya)
Icaronycterus index

42. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Eocene (54-38 mya)
Many modern groups evolve in the northern continents:
creodonts replaced large birds as major predators

43. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)
a cooling period, creating savannahs - grazers and browsers radiate
grasses evolve
Mesohippus
Calicotherium

44. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)
a cooling period, creating savannahs - grazers and browsers radiate
Arsinotherium

45. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)
a cooling period, creating savannahs - browsers radiate
Indricotherium (Baluchitherium)
Largest land mammal

46. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)
Titanotheres

47. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Oligocene (38-24 mya)

48. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Miocene ( mya)

49. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Miocene (24-5 mya)
Extensification of grassland habitats
Radiation of grazer fauna: camelids, horse ancestors, cervids, rhinos

50. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Miocene ( mya)
True Dog and Cat Carnivores replace creodonts

51. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pliocene (5 - 2 mya)

52. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pliocene (5 - 2 mya)
Great American Interfaunal Exchange
Sloths, Armadillos,
Porcupines, Opposum
Deer, horses, monkeys, cats and dogs, rodents

53. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

54. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

55. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

56. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

57. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

58. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

59. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
American Mastodon Mammut americanum

60. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogeny of Pleistocene Mammoth Mammuthus primigenius
Evgeny I. Rogaev, et al PLoS.
Mastodon
Hyrax

61. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K) - Periodic Ice Ages
(2016)
379.1 (2005)
Last Maximum ~ 18,000 ybp

62. IV. Cenozoic ( mya)
- Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)
Extinction of the Pleistocene Megafuana
- Human overhunting and keystone effects
- Climate change
- diseases brought by humans and their dogs.