1. Ecology I
Ecology II
Name that
Biome by
Climatograph
Biodiversity I
Biodiversity II
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2. Three levels of Biodiversity
$100
Three levels of Biodiversity

4. Latitudinal gradient = species richness increases towards the equator
$200
Latitudinal gradient = species richness increases towards the equator

5. a. Intraspecific competition (High population density = increased competition) b. Interspecific competition (competitive exclusion or species coexistence)

6. $300
a. individual fulfills its entire role by using all the available resources
b. the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled (competition)

7. Fundamental niche
Realized niche

8. This is the definition of the 10% Rule.
$400
This is the definition of the 10% Rule.

9. Each trophic level contains only 10% of the energy of the trophic level below it

10. $500
a species has a strong or wide-reaching ecological impact far out of proportion to its abundance

11. Keystone Species

12. $100
A series of changes in the population sizes of organisms at different trophic levels in a food, occurring when predators at high trophic levels indirectly promote populations of organisms at lower trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check. <May become apparent when a top predator is eliminated from a system.>

13. Trophic Cascade

14. $200
Succession = predictable series of changes in a community following a disturbance.
Succession type when disturbance eliminates all vegetation and/or soil life
b. Succession type when disturbance dramatically alters, but does not destroy, all local organisms; the remaining organisms form “building blocks” for the next population species

15. a. Primary succession b. Secondary succession

16. a. the community resulting from successful succession
$300
a. the community resulting from successful succession
b. the first species to arrive in a primary succession area (ex, lichens)

17. a. Climax community b. Pioneer species

18. $400
Non-native (exotic) organisms that spread widely and become dominant in a community; growth-limiting factors (predators, disease, etc.) are removed or absent; have major ecological effects

19. Invasive species

20. The world’s largest Ecological Restoration project.
$500
The world’s largest Ecological Restoration project.

21. Florida Everglades

22. $100

23. Temperature Deciduous Forest

24. $200

25. Savanna

26. $300

27. Taiga (Boreal forest)

28. $400

29. Desert

30. $500

31. Temperate grasslands (prairie, steppe)

32. Trend that species richness increases towards the equator
$100
Trend that species richness increases towards the equator

33. Latitudinal gradient

34. $200
a. occurs when the last member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist
b. the disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not the entire species globally

35. a. Extinction b. Extirpation

36. Extinction is a natural process
$300
Extinction is a natural process
Paleontologists estimate 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct
Natural rate of extinctions for a variety of reasons
During this period, we may lose more than half of all species
1 extinction per 1 to 10 million species for mammals and marine species
1 species out of 1,000 mammal and marine species would go extinct every 1,000 to 10,000 years

37. a. Background rate of extinction b. Quaternary Period

38. An updated list of species facing high risks of extinctions
$400
An updated list of species facing high risks of extinctions
(23% of mammal species, 12% of bird species, % of all other species)

39. The Red List

40. Minimum of three free ecosystem/biodiversity services
$500
Minimum of three free ecosystem/biodiversity services

41. Food, shelter, fuel Purifies air and water, detoxifies wastes Stabilizes climate, moderates floods, droughts, wind, temperature Generates and renews soil fertility and cycles nutrients Pollinates plants and controls pests and disease Maintains genetic resources Provides cultural and aesthetic benefits Allows us to adapt to change
The annual value of just 17 ecosystem services = $ trillion per year

42. $100
forbids government and private citizens from taking actions that destroy endangered species or their habitats

43. Endangered Species Act (1973) (ESA)
As of 2007, the U.S. had 1,312 species listed as endangered or threatened

44. Three ways that humans can help to protect biodiversity
$200
Three ways that humans can help to protect biodiversity

45. Captive breeding – bred and raised with the intent of reintroducing them into the wild; Zoos and botanical gardens; Some reintroductions are controversial Cloning – a technique to create more individuals and save species from extinction Habitat Protection

46. $300
An area that supports an especially great diversity of species, particularly species that are endemic to the area

47. Biodiversity HOTSPOTS
There are 34 global biodiversity hotspots
2.3% of the planet’s land surface contains 50% of the world’s plant species and 42% of all terrestrial vertebrate species

48. Three different methods for harvesting trees during deforestation
$400
Three different methods for harvesting trees during deforestation

49. 1. Seed-tree cutting = a small number of seed-producing trees are left standing to reseed the area
2. Shelterwood cutting = a small number of trees are left to provide shelter for the seedlings
3. Selection systems = only select trees are cut
Single tree selection = widely spaced trees are cut
Group tree selection = small patches of trees are cut

50. $500
A theory that was initially applied to oceanic islands to explain how species come to be distributed among them
- Predicts an island’s species richness based on the island’s size and distance from the mainland
Large islands contain more species than small islands
Fewer species colonize an island far from the mainland
Large islands have higher immigration rates
Large islands have lower extinction rates

51. Equilibrium theory of island biogeography

52. Final Jeopardy The clearing and loss of forests
b) Natural forest uncut by people
Little remained by the 20th century
c) Grown to partial maturity after old- growth timber has been cut

53. Deforestation
Primary forest
Second-growth trees