1. Stages of Disease
August 25, 2017

2. Bell Work Define the following words: Symptomatic Asymptomatic
Homeostasis
Antibodies
Antigens
Immunity
Give me an example of a disease caused by
Bacteria, Virus, Fungus, and Parasite

3. Standard
15) Correlate the function of normal flora with homeostasis and relate deviation to disease states. Evaluate specific measures to prevent deviation that are aligned with accepted standards of care.

4. Objective By the end of class, students will:
understand the stages of disease and be able to create a case scenarios
Differentiate the 3 types of immunity

5. Stages of Disease Incubation stage Prodromal stage Acute stage
Declining stage
Convalescent stage
There are several stages in the disease process. In some illnesses, there are not clear definitions between the stages.

6. Incubation Stage Beginning stage of infection (latent)
Starts when person first contacts pathogen
Person may be asymptomatic
Person is contagious
First appearance of symptoms
This is also called the latent stage. The person is contagious but may not know he or she is sick. The incubation stage includes the first appearance of symptoms.

7. Prodromal Stage Earliest symptoms Fever (febrile) or rash
Person may state “I just don’t feel right”
Person is contagious
The prodromal stage follows the incubation stage. This stage marks the interval between the earliest symptoms and the appearance of a rash or elevated temperature.

8. Acute Stage Symptoms are at their worst Person is obviously ill
Person is contagious
During this time the patient should take medications, rest, and avoid contact with others
The acute stage includes the time when the symptoms are at their worst and the patient is obviously ill. The patient is still contagious and should take care to stay home and rest.

9. Declining Stage Acute stage ends Symptoms begin to decrease
Patient starts to feel better
The declining stage begins when symptoms begin to lessen. The patient may still be ill but notices that he or she may be feeling just a bit better.

10. Convalescent Stage Symptoms are gone Recovery time
Continues until patient regains homeostasis
Homeostasis: from the Greek words for "same" and "steady," refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival. 
The convalescent stage is the recovery period. Symptoms are gone, and the patient knows he or she is feeling better. This stage lasts until the patient is fully recovered and homeostasis has returned.

11. Defense Mechanisms
The body has natural defense mechanisms to protect itself against disease:
Mechanical
Chemical
Cellular
The body has natural defense mechanisms to fight disease.

12. Mechanical Defenses
First line of defense against pathogens is “intact” skin
Serves as barrier to environment
Coughing and sneezing
Eyelashes and eyebrows
The first line of defense to fight pathogens entering our body is intact skin. This means no openings in our skin of any kind—no hangnails, no paper cuts, all skin is intact. The skin acts as a barrier to pathogens.

13. Chemical Defenses Sebaceous glands Stomach fluids
Tears and saliva contain lyzozyme
Interferons have antiviral activity
Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance that actually kills some types of pathogens.
Stomach fluids are highly acidic and effectively kill pathogens if pathogens are swallowed.
Tears and saliva are acidic which is not conducive to bacterial growth.
Interferons have antiviral activity. Some are produced by white blood cells in response to pathogen invasion.

14. Cellular Defenses
Various cells also act to protect the body from pathogens
Inflammatory response
Cell-mediated immunity (no antibodies, uses T-cells)
Antibody-mediated immunity (antibodies)
Various cells act to protect the body from pathogens.

15. Brain Break Would you rather…. Get a shot and feel better in two days
Take medication by mouth and feel better in five days

16. Understanding our Vocabulary
Antibody: A protein found in the blood that is produced in response to foreign substances (e.g. bacteria or viruses) invading the body. Antibodies protect the body from disease by binding to these organisms and destroying them.
Antigen: An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off.

17. Immunity
able to resist a particular disease especially through preventing development of pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products. 
Protection from infectious disease
Innate, Active and passive
Further categorized as acquired naturally or passively
Immunity is defined as protection from infectious disease.

18. Innate Immunity Innate (Natural) Immunity:
It is the natural resistance components such as intact skin, salivary enzymes, and neutrophils, natural killer cells, which provide an initial response against infection that is present in an individual at birth prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen.

19. Active Natural Immunity
Develops when body is exposed to pathogenic microorganisms
Microorganisms contain antigens (cell markers)
White blood cells develop antibodies
Antibodies protect during second exposure
An example of active natural immunity is when a person is infected with varicella. Varicella is the virus that causes chicken pox. The person gets sick, recovers, and never “catches” chicken pox again. The person had the disease and will never get this disease again due to the antibodies the person has.

20. Active Artificial Immunity
Develops when antigen is purposely introduced into body
Vaccine
Live, weakened, dead microorganism
Stimulates antibody formation without causing disease
Active artificial immunity occurs when a person receives a vaccine to produce immunity. An example includes the tetanus vaccine. After you receive the tetanus injection, you are protected against tetanus. The vaccine stimulated antibodies that will protect you from becoming ill.

21. Passive Natural Immunity
Develops when antibodies from mother cross placenta to fetus
Provide protection to fetus for several months
Additional antibodies are found in breastmilk
Passive natural immunity occurs when a mother gives birth and the newborn does not get ill for a short period of time. Passive immunity is short term. Another example of passive natural immunity is when a mother breastfeeds her infant. The child receives the mother’s antibodies through breast milk and will not become ill.

22. Passive Artificial Immunity
Develops when preformed antibodies from animal or human are then injected into an individual with known exposure
Antiserum provides temporary passive immunity
Helps in cases of exposure to rabies, botulism, venomous snake or spider bites, hepatitis, and diptheria
Passive artificial immunity occurs when preformed antibodies are developed in an animal or human and are then injected into an individual with a known exposure. A person with a known exposure to hepatitis can be injected with gamma globulins to produce a short-term immunity to hepatitis A. The injection boosts the person’s immunity.

23. Assignment
Case Scenarios: On a sheet of paper, list the stages of a disease. Under each stage, create a case scenario example of how to describe each stage while incorporating the chain of infection. You can use the pathogen you had yesterday (if curable) or choose another disease that interests you. For example, Incubation: Ms. Daisy is at Walmart and uses a shopping cart (Reservoir) that was just used by someone with the flu (Pathogen). Ms. Daisy has watery eyes and keeps using her hands to wipe her eyes (portal of exit). The mode of transmission for the flu Ms. Daisy has is indirect contact since she touched the shopping cart. Prodomal: Ms. Daisy starts to develop general fatigue and a low-grade fever. Patient is contagious and happens to be unaware she has the flu and sneezes (portal of entry) on her three-year-old grandson (susceptible host). Acute: The next day, Ms. Daisy has fever of 102.3, is congested, coughing excessively and complains of body aches Declining Stage: After 4 days, Ms. Daisy starts to have less congestion, but still has a runny nose and an intermittent cough. Convalescent Stage: Ms. Daisy returns to normal function and goes back to Walmart.

24. Chain of Infection Article
Read for information and COLOR CODE
How is the information in the text organized? (Yellow)
What is the author’s purpose? (green)
Main idea of each paragraph (blue)
vocabulary- using context clues find 3 unfamiliar words and define in your own words (orange)
What are important facts in the text? (orange)