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Actinopterygian Relationships IV Biology of Fishes

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Presentation on theme: "Actinopterygian Relationships IV Biology of Fishes"— Presentation transcript:

1 Actinopterygian Relationships IV Biology of Fishes 10.11.12

2 Overview Presentation Topics
Review (Actinopterygian Relationships III) Actinopterygian Relationships IV : Percomorpha

3 Actinopterygian Relationships

4 Actinopterygian Relationships

5 Actinopterygian Relationships
Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives) Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha (mullets) - Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

6 Acanthopterygii

7 Actinopterygian Relationships
Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) Most diverse group of bony fishes; ~15,000 species Two major synapomorphies Ascending process – dorsal extension of premaxilla Most highly developed pharyngeal dentition and function based on new muscle and bone attachments Ctenoid scales Physoclistous gas bladder 2 dorsal fins (1 spiny-rayed, 1 soft-rayed) Pelvic and anal fin spines Pelvic fins forward, pectoral fins laterally positioned

8 Acanthopterygii

9 Actinopterygian Relationships
Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) Most advanced fishes, dominate shallow productive habitats of marine and many freshwater environments Controversial phylogeny (follow Nelson 2006)

10 Actinopterygian Relationships
Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives) Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha (mullets) - Atherinomorpha (silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes) pumpkinseed sunfish

11 Actinopterygian Relationships

12 Actinopterygian Relationships
Percomorpha (“perch-shaped” fishes) Most advanced clade of fishes ~13,000 species; primarily marine, many successful freshwater Primary synapomorphy is anteriorly placed pelvic girdle attached to pectoral girdle directly or via ligament Pelvic fin with anterior spine and 5 soft rays (typically)

13 Percomorpha (basal groups)
Stephanoberyciformes (whalefishes) Beryciformes (squirrelfishes) Zeiformes (dories) Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks, seahorses) Synbranchiformes (swamp eels) Scorpaeniformes (scorpionfishes, sculpins, relatives)

14 Percomorpha

15 Percomorpha (basal groups)
whalefishes dories squirrelfishes swamp eels seahorses, sticklebacks scorpionfishes, sculpins

16 Percomorpha Stephanoberyciformes (whalefishes) ~75 species
Deepsea marine fishes Primitive percomorphs, more caudal fin rays (18-19) than other percomorphs (typically 17)

17 Percomorpha Beryciformes (squirrelfishes) ~144 species
Nocturnal marine fishes Large eyes, head; also primitive caudal fin ray number (18- 19) Includes commercially important orange roughy (mature in years, live past 150 years)

18 Percomorpha Zeiformes (dories) ~75 species
Primitive marine percomorphs Protrusible mouths Not well-classified in percomorpha based on morphologies

19 Percomorpha Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks, seashorses)
~280 species, primarily marine, small fishes Dermal armor plates, small mouths Sticklebacks very intensely studied (behavior, physiology, ecology, evolution) Unique reproductive behavior – “pregnant males”

20 Percomorpha Synbranchiformes (swamp eels) ~100 species
Primarily freshwater, eel-like fishes Air-breathers Lack most fins, in some cases all fins Invasive species from pet trade

21 Percomorpha Scorpaeniformes (scorpionfishes, sculpins, relatives)
~1500 species, primarily marine fishes Phylogenetic placement in percomorpha debated Many lack scales, possess numerous spines Venomous lionfishes and stonefishes Freshwater sculpins Lumpfish (Cyclopterus) is most advanced

22 Percomorpha (advanced groups)
Perciformes (perch-like fishes) Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, relatives)

23 Percomorpha

24 Percomorpha (advanced groups)
Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes triggerfish yellow perch parrotfish flounders & halibuts ocean sunfish

25 Percomorpha Perciformes (perch-like fishes)
Largest order of vertebrates – 160 families and over 10,000 species; more than 2/3 of all fishes Rapid evolution ~20 million years Marine (gobies, wrasses, seabasses) and freshwater success (cichlids, croakers, perches/darters) Some of the most recognizable fishes

26 Perciformes

27 Percomorpha Pleuronectiformes (flounders, halibuts, relatives)
Asymmetrical morphology – both eyes on one side of head Teeth, scales, fins, pigmentation differ between sides Benthic, carnivorous, primarily marine; ~680 species Important food fishes

28 Percomorpha Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, relatives)
“four teeth”; many lack true teeth (possess modified jaw bone) Most derived fishes, reduced bones, fins, morphology; ~360 species Trigger mechanism in trigger/filefishes Cartilaginous elements re-evolved (“come full circle”) tetraodotoxin


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