1. Introduction to Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Mohammed N. Sabir
December 2016
Introduction to Pharmacognosy

2. Some terms and abbreviations used during your study in pharmacognosy…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Some terms and abbreviations used during your study in pharmacognosy…
- Natural Products (NPs) - Phytochemistry
- Primary Metabolites - Secondary Metabolites
- Biotechnology - Building blocks
- Crude drugs - Quality Control (QC)
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3. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Aims of the course - Descriptive study of selected medicinal plants - Highlight the role of Natural Products (NPs) in medicine - The biosynthetic pathways of NPs
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4. (physicochemical investigation)
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Aims of the course - Studying Crude drugs - Methods for isolation of NPs from crude materials
(physicochemical investigation)
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5. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Course objectives
Understand crude drugs, its classification and factors affect its storage and quality control.
A good understanding of the extraction, separation and isolation of natural products including chromatographic methods.
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6. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Course objectives
Understand secondary metabolic pathways and its necessity in the production of their metabolites.
Know the mechanisms underlying the biochemical reactions that take place in secondary metabolism.
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7. Be able to categorize and recognize the classes of natural products.
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Course objectives
Be able to categorize and recognize the classes of natural products.
Have enough information on the medicinal uses, mechanism of action, toxicities and the chemistry of the studied topics.
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8. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Course contents - Introduction - Value of NPs - Physicochemical investigation for NPs - Secondary metabolism - General biosynthetic pathways for secondary metabolism
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9. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Course contents - Drug discovery - Glycosides - Terpenoids - Steroids and steroid biosynthesis inhibitors - Polyphenolics (tannins, flavonoids and lignans) - Coumarins and chromones
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10. Journals and reviews (internet)
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Reading List and References‌
Key references
Useful references
Journals and reviews (internet)
1. James E. Robbers, Marilyn K. Speedie, Varro E. Tyler, (1996). Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. First edition, Williams and Wilkins a Waverly company.
1. Dewick P. M., (1998). Medicinal Natural Products a Biosynthetic Approach. First edition, Springer, India.
1. Botanical Medicine in Clinical Practice. A collection of newly approved literatures. (2008). Edited by Ronald R. Watson, Victor R. Preedy. Arizona Cancer Centre, University of Arizona, USA. Department of Nutrition and Diabetics, king's College London, UK.
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11. Journals and reviews (internet)
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Key references
2. Trease and Evans
W. Charles, Pharmacognosy, (2002). Fifteenth edition. W.B. Saunders Edinburgh London, New York, Philadelphia, St Louis, Sydney, Toronto.
Useful references
2. Bhat S.V., Nagasampagi B. A., and Sivakumar M., (2007). Chemistry of Natural Products. First edition. Springer, Narosa. India.
Journals and reviews (internet)
2. Otto Sticher. (2008). Natural product isolation. Natural Product Reports,
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12. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
3. Saxena P.B. (2007). Chemistry of Alkaloids. First edition. Discovery Publishing House.
3. Cannell J. P. Richard, (1998). Natural Products Isolation. First edition, Glaxo Wellcome Research & Development, Stevenage, Herts, UK. Humana Press, Totowa New Jersey.
Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A. Mayes, Victor W. Rodwell. (2003). Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry. Twenty sixth edition. Mc Graw Hill.
4. Eberhard Teuscher, (2006). Medicinal Spices, A Handbook of Culinary Herbs, Spices, Spice Mixtures. First edition. Medpharm Scientific publishers Stuttgart.
5. Joule J. A., and Mills K. (2002). Heterocyclic Chemistry. Fourth edition. Blackwell Science.
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13. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
5. Chevallei A. (2005). Alternative Medicine, Treatment by Herbal Products and Medicinal Plants. First edition. International Academia.
6. Chaudhuri Debabrata, Kar D. Kumar, and Halder Soma. (2008). A Handbook of Plant Biosynthetic Pathways. First edition. NCBA.
7. James R. Hanson, Natural Products. (2003) . The secondary Metabolites. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK
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14. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
6. Bertram G. Katzung, Anthony J. Trevor, Susan B. Masters. Basic and Clinical pharmacology (2009), by 11th edition, McGraw-Hill
8. Pretsch E., Buhlmann P., and Affolter C. (2000). Structure determination of organic compounds. First edition. Springer.
9. Satyajit D. Sarker, Zahid Latif, and Alexander I. Gray (2006), Natural Products Isolation, SECOND EDITION, Humana Press, Totowa New Jersey
10. Allen M. Schoffstall, Barbara A. Gaddis, and Melvin L. Druelinger. (2004). Microscale and Miniscale Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments. 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill, New York
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15. Further readings… Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
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16. Further readings… Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
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17. Further readings… Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
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18. Further readings… Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
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19. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
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20. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Course overview
The course provides the fundamental information on pharmacognosy as a leading subject to understand drug-derived from natural sources including important biologically active medicines like:-
terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, and coumarins. 
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21. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
The course also studies the origin of these natural products, the processes used for their extraction, separation, isolation and characterization as well as the biosynthetic routes that lead for the formation of these natural products.
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22. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
The biologic activities of these agents are discussed including their mechanism of action, clinical uses, toxicities, and the active constituents that are responsible for the biologic action.
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23. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Structural modifications to produce semisynthetic products are also discussed if any.
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24. Disciplines to understand pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Lecture overview
Definition
Historical Aspects
Disciplines to understand pharmacognosy
Development of medicinal chemistry
Value of natural products
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25. Crude drug and classification systems
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Lecture overview
Examples
Crude drug and classification systems
Physicochemical investigation of natural products
Summary & conclusion
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26. Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
Pharmacognosy studies all aspects of medications (drugs) derived form natural sources including (Plants, Micro Organisms, Marine products, Insects and Animals).
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27. Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
It also concerns the biochemical pathways that are involved in the biosynthesis of these drugs (drug discovery).
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28. Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
and the techniques involved for their isolation from the crude materials (Isolation)
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29. Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
The chemical modification to approach more effective and less toxic product and their pharmacological properties (drug design).
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30. Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
All the physical and chemical characterizations of these agents as well (Identification).
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31. So… Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
So…
In addition to studying drugs derived from NPs,
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32. Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Introduction to Pharmacognosy…
It is a drug discovery involving; isolation, drug design and identification techniques.
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33. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Biotechnology [recombinant DNA technology (rDNA)], has opened new perspectives in pharmacognosy…
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34. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
This is achieved through production of chemical entities or drugs by tissue cultures via genetic engineering (this needs a good understanding of enzymology).
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35. Biotechnology is applied to:- 1- Increase the yield of the drug
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Biotechnology is applied to:-
1- Increase the yield of the drug
As in Taxol (an anticancer agent).
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36. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
2- Modification on the secondary metabolite through genetic engineering to obtain less toxic and more effective drug as well as enhance drug delivery (ex: Antibiotics, antivirals and anticancers).
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37. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
3- It also provide methods for production of many drugs that cannot be synthesized by chemical synthesis:-
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38. Tissue plasminogen activator [t-PA] from melanoma cell lines.
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Insulin form E. coli.
Tissue plasminogen activator [t-PA] from melanoma cell lines.
Human serum albumin (HSA) from E. coli.
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39. - Development of vaccines:
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
- Development of vaccines:
Separation of a pure antigen using a specific
monoclonal antibody. b) Synthesis of an antigen with the help of a cloned
gene. c) Synthesis of peptides to be used as vaccines.
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40. Biotechnology and drug discovery…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Biotechnology and drug discovery…
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41. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Cell and tissue culture can be obtained from many plant species, M.Os., animals or human.
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42. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
In such In vitro culture, each cell has all the genes necessary for all the functions of a living organism, including secondary metabolism.
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43. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
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44. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
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45. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
KS: ketosynthase
MAT: malonyl-acetyl transferase
DH: dehydratase
KR: ketoreductase
ACP: acyl carrier protein
The biosynthetic pathway for the fungal polyketide 6-methylsalicylic acid (6-MSA). 6-MSA is assembled from four ketide units (one acetate and three malonates).
Extension, carrying out different levels of reductive processing at each stage. (Staunton and Weismann, Nat. Prod. Rep., 2001, 18, 380–416)
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46. ACP: acyl carrying protein
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
KS: ketoacyl synthase
AT: acyl transferase
DH: dehydratase
ER: enoyl reductase
ACP: acyl carrying protein
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47. Historical aspects -Papyrus Ebersc (1600 B.C.)
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Historical aspects
-Papyrus Ebersc (1600 B.C.)
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48. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
-Greek pharmaco-botanist in the first century A.D. (Pedanios Dioscorides) and “materia medica”
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49. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Li Shih Chen and published in 1596 A.D., listed more than 2000 drugs of natural origin. About 5000 native medicinal herbs are used in China today
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50. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
A collection of hymns predating 1000 B.C., included more than 1000 healing herbs, many of which continue to be used in Ayurvedic medicine (Hindu traditional medicine).
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51. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
The Unani (Islamic Medicine) has contribution in this field by (Avicenna A.D.), he collected his knowledge about medicinal plants in the Kitab-Al-Shifa’a.
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52. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
The word Pharmacognosy formed from two Greek words pharmakon (drug) and gnosis (knowledge), this title was introduced by C.A. Seydler, a German medical student, who used Analytica pharmacognostica for his dissertation in 1815.
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53. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
However, recent historical research has found an earlier usage of “Pharmacognosis”. J.A. Schmidt used that title in his Lehrbuch der Materia medica, published in Vienna in 1811, to describe the study of medicinal plants and their properties.
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54. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
A complete understanding of medicinal plants involves a number of disciplines including:-
Commerce.
Botany.
Horticulture.
Chemistry.
Enzymology.
Genetics.
Quality control.
Pharmacology.
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55. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
The use of modern isolation techniques and pharmacological testing procedures means that new plant drugs usually fined their way into medicine as purified substances rather than in the form of galenical preparations.
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56. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Advances in synthetic chemistry and production of drugs with more complicated chemical structure has opened a new field which is known as Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
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57. Pharmacology; studying drug actions and effects.
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Pharmacology; studying drug actions and effects.
Medicinal Chemistry; the studying the chemical aspects of drugs, their design, synthesis and mechanism of actions on molecular level.
Pharmacognosy; dealing with medicines derived from natural sources.
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58. Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Drug
Pharmacognosy
Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
Pharmacology
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59. Value of natural drugs products
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Value of natural drugs products
Role of compounds that are derived from natural sources could be summarized as follows:-
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60. Value of natural drugs products
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Value of natural drugs products
They provide a number of extremely useful drugs that are difficult, if not impossible, to be produced commercially by synthetic means, like:
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61. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
alkaloids of opium poppy, ergot, and Solanaceous plants; the cardiotonic glycosides of digitalis; most of the antibiotics; and all of the serums, vaccines, and related products.
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62. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Natural sources also supply basic compounds (templates) that may be modified slightly to render them more effective or less toxic.
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63. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Examples:-
The modification of morphine molecule to codeine, and modification of podophyllotoxin to teniposide.
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64. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
The utility of natural products as (prototypes) or models for synthetic drugs possessing physiologic activities similar to the originals,
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65. -Procaine and similar local anesthetics.
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Examples:-
-Procaine and similar local anesthetics.
-Dicoumarol and other oral anticoagulant (warfarin).
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66. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
As (precursors) of significant drugs; some natural products contain compounds that demonstrate little or no activity themselves but upon modification by chemical or biological means; they will be converted to potent drugs…
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67. But these agents are not easily obtained by other methods like:
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
But these agents are not easily obtained by other methods like:
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68. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Taxol which may be synthesized from bactin III, which occur in the leaves of Pacific Yew.
Whereas taxol it self is found only in the bark of scarce Pacific Yew.
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69. Bactin III Taxol Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
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70. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Below are examples of some drugs that are derived from natural sources, their semisynthetic and their prototypes
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(Fig. 1)

71. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Crude drugs
Are NPs that has not been advanced in value or improved in condition by any process or treatment beyond that which is essential for its proper packing and prevention from deterioration.
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72. Classification of crude drugs 1. Alphabetical classification;
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Classification of crude drugs
1. Alphabetical classification;
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73. Alphabetical classification
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Alphabetical classification
Merits:
• It is easy and quick to use
• There is no repetition of entries and is devoid of confusion.
• In this system location, tracing and addition of drug entries is easy.
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74. Alphabetical classification
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Demerits:
There is no relationship between previous and successive drug entries.
Examples: Acacia, Benzoin, Cinchona, Dill, Ergot, Fennel, Gentian, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha, Jalap, Kurchi, Liquorice, Mints, Nuxvomica, Opium, Podophyllum, Quassia, Rauwolfia, Senna, Vasaka, Wool fat, Yellow bees wax, Zeodary.
Alphabetical classification
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75. Classification of crude drugs 2. Morphological classification;
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Classification of crude drugs
2. Morphological classification;
- Organized (Solid) Wood, leaves, bark…etc.
- Non-organized (Liquid) Waxes, gums, resins, etc.
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76. Unorganized Drugs. Dried latex– Opium, Papain Dried Juice– Aloe, Kino
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Unorganized Drugs.
Dried latex– Opium, Papain
Dried Juice– Aloe, Kino
Dried extracts– Agar, Alginate, Black catechu, Pale catechu, Pectin, Waxes - Beeswax, Spermaceti, Carnauba wax
Gums – Acacia, Guar Gum, Indian Gum, Sterculia, Tragacenth.
Resins– Asafoetida, Benzoin, Colophony, copaiba Guaiacum, Guggul, Mastic, Coal tar, Tar, Tolu balsam, Storax, Sandarac.
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77. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Unorganized Drugs.
Volatile oil– Turpentine, Anise, Coriander, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sandalwood, Cinnamon, Lemon, Caraway, Dill, Clove, Eucalyptus, Nutmeg, Camphor.
Fixed oils and Fats– Arachis, Castor, Chalmoogra, Coconut, Cotton seed, Linseed, Olive, Sesame, Almond, Theobroma, Cod-liver, Halibut liver, Kokum butter.
Animal Products – Bees wax, Cantharides, Cod-liver oil, Gelatin, Halibut liver oil, Honey, Shark liver oil, shellac, Spermaceti wax, wool fat, musk, Lactose.
Fossil organism and Minerals– Bentonite, Kaolin, Kiesslguhr, Talc.
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78. Classification of crude drugs 3. Taxonomic classification;
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Classification of crude drugs
3. Taxonomic classification;
- More advanced
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79. Taxonomic classification
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Taxonomic classification
Plant Kingdom
Thallophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperm Angiosperm
Phyllum Order Family Drugs
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80. Classification of crude drugs
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Classification of crude drugs
4. Pharmacological classification;
- Advanced, depends on biological actions of the
plant.
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81. Pharmacological Classification
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Pharmacological Classification
Classification of Drugs based on Pharmacological action
Pharmacological Action Drug
Anticancer
Anti-inflammatory
Antiamoebic
Antiasthmatic
Anthelminthic
Antispasmodic
Astringent
Analgesic
Bitter tonic
Carminatives
Purgatives
Expectorant
Cardiotonic
Tranquilizers
Vinca, Podophyllum, Taxus
Colchicum, Turmeric
Ipecac root, Kurchi bark
Ephedra, Lobelia
Male fern, Quassia wood
Datura, Hyoscyamus
Catechu
Opium, poppy
Quassia wood, Nux-vomica, Gentian
Coriander, fennel, clove, peppermint
Senna, Rhubarb
Tulsi, Balsam of Tolu, Vasaka
Digitalis, Squill, Strophanthus
Rauwolfia Roots
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82. Classification of crude drugs
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Classification of crude drugs
5. Chemical classification;
- Doesn’t show species or genus.
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83. Chemical Classification
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Chemical Classification
Carbohydrates
Glycosides
Tannins
Volatile oils and Terpenoids
Lipids
Resins
Alkaloids
Proteins
Vitamins
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84. Classification of crude drugs
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Classification of crude drugs
6. Chemotaxonomic classification;
- Needs a lot of time to recognize the plant, it depends on taxa and secondary metabolites.
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85. Chemotaxonomic Classification
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Chemotaxonomic Classification
This system of classification relies on the chemical similarity of a taxon i.e. it is based on the existence of relationship between constituents in various plants.
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86. Classification of crude drugs
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Classification of crude drugs
Taxonomic classification is more applied, since it depends on the genetics and morphological features of the plant.
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87. Secondary metabolism and natural products
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Secondary metabolism and natural products
- Secondary metabolites and building blocks…
Natural products (NPs) and their chemistry…
Importance of NPs in modern medicine…
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88. Secondary metabolism and natural products
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Secondary metabolism and natural products
- The scope of pharmacognosy in modern medicine…
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89. Natural products in drug discovery…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Natural products in drug discovery…
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90. - Lecture review… - Next lecture topics…
Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
- Lecture review…
- Next lecture topics…
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91. Pharmacognosy I – Third Lecture 1- Introduction
Thank You
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