1. Prokaryotes = no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus or mitochondria)

2. WHAT CAN THIS OLD TALE HAVE TO DO WITH BACTERIA????
Ring Around the Rosie
Ring around the Rosie
A pocket full of posies
Ashes, Ashes
We all fall down
WHAT CAN THIS OLD TALE HAVE TO DO WITH BACTERIA????
Some think it is talking about the Great Plague, or Black Death, which is now thought to have been caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium .

3. Ring Around the Rosie ---"Ring around the Rosie”
-Refers to a red mark, supposedly the first sign of the plague ---"A pocket full of posies“
-Refers to sachets of herbs carried to ward off infection ---"Ashes, ashes"
-Either a reference to the cremation of plague victims or to the words said in the funeral Mass..."Ashes to ashes, dust to dust."
---"We all fall down.“
-The Plague was not selective in its victims; both rich and poor, young and old, succumbed.

5. Objective: By the end of this lesson you will be able to identify:
Bacteria divides in two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Bacteria main structures and functions.

6. Domains

7. cell walls contain peptidoglycan live almost everywhere cause diseases
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
prokaryotes
cell walls contain peptidoglycan
live almost everywhere
cause diseases

8. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Archae
Kingdom Archaebacteria
prokaryotes
cells walls LACK peptidoglycan
May be ancestors of eukaryotes - DNA sequences of key genes are more like eukaryotes
live in extremely harsh environments
Examples:
Methanogens – all anaerobes and produce methane; live in marsh mud, etc.
Halophiles – live in extreme salt environments; Great Salt Lake
Thermoacidophies – live in acidic/hot places; volcanic vents, hot springs

9. Review… In what two kingdoms is bacteria divided?
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
In what two domains is bacteria divided?
Which kingdom has cell walls containing peptidoglycan?
Bacteria & Archae
Which kingdom has bacteria that lives in extreme environments?
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

10. Bacteria Kingdom Characteristics:
Eubacteria
Heterotrophs
Parasites
Saprobes
Nitrogen decomp.
Phtotosynthetic autotrophs
Cyno-blue green
Chemosynthetic
Archaebacteria
Extremists
No free oxygen
Methane producers
Saline habitats
Hot sulfur springs

11. Identifying Prokaryotes:
1. shape and cell arrangement
staphylo – clusters
strepto – chains
2. chemical nature of cell walls – response to Gram stain lab test
cell wall mostly contains CARBS – Gram + (stains violet)
cell wall mostly contains LIPIDS – Gram – (stains pink)

12. Gram stain lab test
Contains lipids (Gram -)
Contains carbs (Gram +)

13. 3. the way they move - flagella, cilia or don’t move
4. the way they obtain energy – Heterotrophic/Photoheterotrophic or Photoautotrophic/Chemoautotrophic
5. release energy (O2 requirements)
obligate anaerobes - can not survive in presence of O2
obligate aerobes – must have O2 to survive
facultative anaerobes – can live with or without O2
Heterotrophs – use endocytosis and exocytosis to take in food & eliminate waste

14. Aerobic Bacteria require oxygen & can make cavities!

15. Helpful in the intestines Harmful in other parts of the body
Anaerobic Bacteria live without oxygen, in our intestines & may be in polluted waters
E. Coli from human feces
Helpful in the intestines
Harmful in other parts of the body

16. Classified by shape, size, staining, environment, & color Cynobacteria & Salmonella
Autotroph Bacteria
Flagellated Bacteria

17. Spiral or spirilli) Spirochete Bacteria
Round = Coccus and Rod = Bacillus

18. Review… How can we classify bacteria? Name at least 3.
Shape, cell wall composition (lipids or carb), movement, how they obtain energy, O2 requirements
What color does gram + bacteria stains?
Purple
What color does gram - bacteria stains?
What is the main component of the cell wall in gram + bacteria?
Pink
Carbs
What is the main component of the cell wall in gram - bacteria?
Lipids

19. Bacteria Structure: Pili – helps bacteria STICK to surfaces
Capsule – DISGUISES bacteria so immune system can’t easily detect
Endospore – thick INTERNAL WALL that encloses the DNA
-Some bacteria can form endospores that allow them to wait out harsh environmental conditions.
*Method of survival*

20. Objectives: By the end of this lesson you will be able to identify:
How bacteria reproduce?
What are the ecological roles of bacteria?
How to treat and control bacterial growth?

21. BACTERIAL Reproduction
Binary fission – bacteria grows, replicates DNA, and divides; produces 2 identical daughter cells (asexual)
Conjugation – hollow bridge forms between 2 cells, exchange DNA then split; (sexual) – diversifies population
Cool Characteristics of Bacteria TRANSFORMATION- bacteria incorporate genes from dead bacteria TRANSDUCTION - viruses insert new genes into bacterial cells. This method is used in biotechnology.

22. Many organisms form spores:

23. Ecological Roles HELPFUL HARMFUL decomposers nitrogen fixation
denitrification
photosynthesis – produces oxygen
human uses – food products, digest petroleum, remove waste/poisons from H2O, synthesize drugs, as heat-stable enzymes
pathogens – cause disease by breaking down tissue or release toxins
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Strep throat
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Lyme disease
Typhoid fever
Pneumonia
Tetanus
Gonorrhea

24. Bacilli Tuberculosis Bacteria:

25. Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection

26. Nitrogen wastes are excreted & cycled by bacteria
Nitrogen in
Plant & animal
protein
Ammonia nitrogen
Is excreted in urine
Bacteria convert
Ammonia to usable
Nitrate fertilizer

27. Making cheese & yogurt with bacteria

28. Treatment Antibiotics – destroy bacterial cells
inhibits cell wall growth or protein synthesis
Vaccine (prevention)

29. Controlling Bacteria
Sterilization – kill bacteria by heat or chemical action
Joseph Lister created the first antiseptic, an acid to spray on tables and instruments before surgery (1860).
Refrigeration – bacteria grows at a slow rate in cold temperatures

30. Strep bacteria of Rheumatic Fever

31. Life on Mars?

32. NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
This meteorite was probably blasted off of the surface of the planet Mars about 16 million years ago by an impact with an asteroid and travelled through space to the earth, where it landed on Antarctica about 13,000 years ago. Some scientists believe that the rod-shaped structures across the top and center of this image may be tiny fossilized bacteria. Many other scientists believe that the structures were formed by processes other than life.
NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
"Martian Meteorite ALH84001," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

33. Bacteria cultures: Inoculate = to place
Agar = culture medium (nutrients)
One colony (circle)= billions of bacteria
A colony begins from one bacterium
Incubate at 37oC= body temperature
DO NOT OPEN THE PLATES AFTER INCUBATION!

34. Genetic Engineering of Insulin

35. Restriction Enzymes:Made by some Bacteria