1. BACTERIA The Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Achaea
SBI3U Biology
Dr. Oz (4:37 min):
Toilet germs (1:53 min):
Cell Phones! (3:01 min):

2. Learning Objectives: Learning Goals Minds ON Bacteria PowerPoint
Micro viewers lab
Exit card

3. Learning Goals We are / will be learning to…
Analyze the risks and benefits of human intervention (e.g. pesticide use, fish stocking, tree planting, etc.)
Analyze how climate change could impact the diversity of living things (e.g. Global warming, increase in precipitation)
Become familiar with terms such as: species diversity, structural diversity, bacteria, fungi, binomial nomenclature, morphology
Classify, apply, and draw dichotomous keys to identify and classify organisms according to kingdom
Explain concepts of taxonomic rank such as genus, species and taxon
Compare/contrast characteristics of prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses
Compare/contrast anatomical and physiological characteristics of organisms representative of each kingdom
Explain structural and functional changes of organisms as they have evolved over time
Explain why biodiversity is important for maintaining viable ecosystems

4. Minds ON
Read from Bill Bryson’s “A Short History of Nearly Everything”

5. Yesterday’s Recap
Dichotomous Keys: A tool used to classify organisms based on structural characteristics (≠ colour, where an organism lives, etc.) Refresher: a prokaryote = Kingdom Archaebacteria and Eubacteria = all bacteria * Can we think of a mental reminder for this?

6. See Fig. 6 on page 48 in text.
Bacteria Cell

7. Important Structures:
Capsule
Cell wall – made of peptidoglycan and outer membrane
Plasma membrane
Nucleoid region – condensed DNA molecule
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Pili (Singular = Pilus)
Flagellum

8. Pilus (pili)

9. Characteristics of Bacteria Prokaryotic Cells:
unicellular (single-celled)
no nuclear membrane or other membranes around organelles
small—less than 2 µm (micrometers)
only 1 circular chromosome (plasmid)

10. Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Shape
Cell Wall
Movement

11. Bacterium Shapes And Groupings
Coccus~ Sphere shaped bacteria
Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria
Spirillium ~ Spiral shaped bacteria
GROUPINGS
Mono - one
Diplo - two
Strepto - in a chain
Staphylo - cluster

12. Bacterium Cell Walls: Gram + and Gram –

13. Cell Walls cont’d
Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determined by Gram Staining.
By finding out what colour the cell produces when it is gram stained you can figure out the type of carbohydrates in the cell wall.
Why would this be helpful?

14. Gram + vs. Gram - walls

15. Movement
Flagellum ~ Tail like structure that whips around to propel the bacterium
Cilia ~ small hair-like projections surrounding the cell that help it to “swim”, moves back and forth in a synchronized movement
Non motile ~ Sticky cilia like structures that keep the bacterium from moving

16. Flagella
peri = around

17. Cilia

18. OTHER TERMS USED TO CLASSIFY BACTERIA

19. Bacterial Respiration
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Obligate Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
Grows in the presence of oxygen
Grows in the absence of oxygen
Must have oxygen
Must have NO oxygen
Can grow with or without oxygen 19

20. Bacteria and Metabolism
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Chemotrophs

21. Autotrophs make their own energy
use solar energy (or other chemical compounds) to ‘fix’ carbon dioxide
eg. Cyanobacteria uses photosynthesis to make glucose

22. Example: Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic
Bluish-greenish color
Contain membranes that carry out p/s

23. Example: Cyanobacteria
Do not contain the same type of chloroplasts as plants do
This bluish-greenish algae can be found nearly everywhere on earth.
Can survive in extremely hot and cold environments

24. Why are Cyanobacteria not in the Plant Kingdom??
Can exist unicellularly
Prokaryotic (no nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)

25. Heterotrophs
Obtain energy from eating other organisms
Eg. E. coli

26. Chemotrophs
makes own energy from chemicals like sulfur or hydrogen sulfide
Eg. Archaebacteria living in deep sea vents

27. Other Archaea- Terms
Chemotrophs/Methanogens – convert chemical compounds into methane gas
Halophiles – like salt water (oceans)
Extreme Thermophiles – like warm environments (hot springs)
Psychrophiles – cold-loving organisms (Arctic soil)

28. Bacterial Reproduction
Binary Fission
Conjugation
Spore Formation

29. 1) 2) 3)
Cellular organism copies its genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells.

30. Conjugation
Sexy time!
1 bacterial cell passes a copy of a plasmid through a hollow pilus
For example, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin 1) 2) 3)

31. Spore Formation: Endospore
A type of dormant cell (sometimes for years)
Exhibit no signs of life
Highly resistant structure that forms around the chromosome when cell is under some sort of environmental stress such as:
-High temperatures
-Irradiation
-Strong acids
-Disinfectants

32. Archaebacteria or Archaea
Lack important carbohydrate found in cell walls (Gram -)
Different lipids in their cell membrane
Different types of ribosomes
Very different gene sequences
Do not cause disease
Can live in extremely harsh environments
Do not require oxygen (anaerobic) 32

33. Eubacteria Make up the larger of the two prokaryote kingdoms
Generally are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates
Gram + and –
Can cause disease
Live nearly everywhere 33

34. MICROVIEWER ACTIVITY HELPFUL BACTERIA Why Helpful? HARMFUL BACTERIA
Why Harmful?
make a chart similar to this one
use the microviewers provided to list examples of helpful bacteria and for each, why they are helpful
do the same for harmful bacteria
practice naming the type of shape and groupings

35. This powerpoint was modified by Mrs. S. Kerr, Mrs. S. Y
This powerpoint was modified by Mrs. S. Kerr, Mrs. S.Y. Chen-Allen and Mrs. N. Brannan from

36. Exit Card
Draw what you think the following look like (refer to your notes): Streptobacilli Staphylococci