1. AP World History Chapter 8
Islamic World Through 1450

3. Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World
Bedouins
Camel herding
Clan Identity, Clan Rivalries, and the Cycle of Vengeance
Grouped into tribes
Shayks, Elder or Leader of Clan.
Free warriors
Rivalry
Towns and Long-Distance Trade
Entrepot, stop off site to sell goods that will then be taken somewhere else for trade.
Mecca
Umayyad clan, clan from Mecca that led after Muhammad's death.
Quraysh tribe, controlled Mecca when Muhammad appeared they fought for control of the city.
Ka’ba
Medina

4. Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World
Marriage and Family in Pre-Islamic Arabia
Women have important roles
Polygyny
Poet and Neglected Gods
Animism, polytheism
Allah creator-god, possibly the supreme deity.
Allah Arabic for God today.

6. The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam
Banu Hasim clan
Orphaned
Mecca
Holy Merchant City.
Housed the Polytheistic Gods of the Bedouins.
Khadija
Wife and Merchant
Revelations, 610
via Gabriel

7. Islam Third of the Abrahamic Faiths
Persecution, Flight, and Victory
Ka’ba gods threatened
Invited to Medina, 622
Hijra, Calendar year 1
Return to Mecca, 629
Arabs and Islam
Ummah, community of Islam
5 Pillars in Islam
Acceptance of Islam
Prayer
Fasting during Ramadan
Payment of zakat
Hajj
Islam is Islam is a monotheistic religion begun by Muhammad around 600 CE in Arabia. The word means “surrender”...to the will of god. Islam united Arab tribes, and was the basis for an empire from Spain to India.

8. Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
Death, 632
Succession struggle
A. Consolidation and Division in the Islamic Community
Abu Bakr
Ridda Wars
B. Motives for Arab Conquest
Conversion
Booty
C. Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires
Sassanian Empire
Zoroastrianism
Dynasty ended, 651
Byzantium

9. The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
D. The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi’a Split
Uthman
3rd caliph
Murdered
Ali
Rejected by Umayyads
Siffin, 657
Loses suppor
Assassinated, 661
Son, Hasan, renounces caliphate
Son, Husayn
Killed, Karbala, 680
Sunni – Umayyads
Shi’a – Ali’s descendants
Mu’awiya
Caliph, 660

10. The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
E. The Umayyad Imperium
Push west
Stopped at Poitiers, 732
Retain Iberia
F. Converts and “People of the Book”
Malawi, converts
Dhimmi, people of the book
Jews, Christians
Later, Zoroastrians and Hindus
G. Family and Gender Roles in the Umayyad AgeIslamic ideas prevail at first
H. Umayyad Decline and Fall
Revolts
Merv
Abassid revolt
750, Umayyads defeated by Abassids

11. The Abassid Era From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era
Sunni rule
repress Shi’a
Baghdad
New capital
A. Islamic Conversion and Mawali Acceptance
B. Town and Country: Commercial Boom and Agrarian Expansion
Urban expansion
Ayan
C. The First Flowering of Islamic Learning
Building
Mosques, palaces

14. Abbasid Dynasty at its Peak

15. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
A. Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes
Harun al-Rashid
He ruled from 786 to 809, and his time was marked by scientific, cultural and religious prosperity. Art and music also flourished significantly during his reign. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom").
son of al-Mahdi
Growth of Royal advisors, Barmicides – Persian family.
The Thousand and One Nights
death of Harun al-Rashid was followed by civil war
al-Ma'mun
Violated fathers death bed wish for the two brothers
Slave Armies (4000 man bodyguard)

16. Mercenary Armies B. Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder
Civil unrest
Caliphs build lavishly
tax burden increases
agriculture suffers
C. The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society
Seclusion, veil
Harem, slaves
Slave women often had more liberty.
Polygyny

17. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
D. Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliph Power
Former provinces threaten Abbasids
Buyids
Persian Shi’a
Take Baghdad, 945
Took name Sultans
Seljuk Turks
1055, defeat Buyids
Staunch Sunnis
Shi'a purges
Defeat Byzantines
Defeat Egyptian Shi’a

18. Holy War E. The Impact of the Christian Crusades
1096, Western European Christian knights; Templars
Small Christian kingdoms established in Middle East
Affects:
Increased interaction of trade and lending
Interaction of medicine
Interaction of weapons
Interaction of sciences
Interaction of food
Interaction of words and concepts. Chess and Chivalry
Saladin
Retakes Jerusalem in 1187
Last Christian kingdom of Acre lost 1291

19. Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
The Full Flowering of Persian Literature
Urban growth and merchants thrive
Persian gradually became the primary written language for administration.
Arabic remained the language of choice in religion, law, and sciences.
Calligraphy
Known for beauty of written language.
Persian was used for poetry.
Shah-Nama
Greatest epic poem. (Book of Kings)
Written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th century.
Story from the beginning of time to the Arab conquest.
Sa'di
Epic poem. Every day message with a religious one.
Omar Kayyan, Author of
Rubaiyat, Literature about mystical and common place things.

20. Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
B. Achievements in the Sciences
Math
Corrections to Greek algebra and geometry. Developed basic Trigonometry.
Chemistry
Creation of the objective experiment
Al-Razi’s scheme to classify all material substances into three categories; animal, vegetable, and mineral.
Al-Biruni
Calculated specific weight of 18 major minerals.
Medicine
Hospitals in Cairo
Doctors had courses of study and had to pass a formal exam before being allowed to practice.

21. Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
C. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion
Sufis
Sufis believed in a personal physical God in opposition to Ulama beliefs.
Sufis were a key factor in the expansion of Islam. They built up followings.
A renewal of mysticism injected Islam with new vibrancy.
Ulama
Conservative orthodox Muslims became suspicious of outside influence.
They rejected Greek philosophy as a threat to the perfect Qur’an.
Al-Ghazali
Greatest Islamic theologian tried to fuse Greek and Qur'anic ideas.
His views were rejected by orthodox scholars.
D. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate
Mongols
Chinggis Khan; Invaded in 1220 smashing the Persian kingdoms of east Baghdad.
Hulegu; Grandson of Chinggis Khan invaded the Muslim heartland. Baghdad fell in 1258 and the last Abbasid caliph was put to death.

22. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central Conflict between two different systems Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system

23. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
A. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions
Muslims in India
Came as traders, 8th century
First time India had been faced by invaders with a comparable culture.
A religion that was opposite to Hinduism.
Islam was highly egalitarian “all equal in the eyes of God”
Hinduism used a caste hierarchy, material wealth a sign of gods favor.
Hinduism very Polytheistic while Islam was very Monotheistic.
The massive Islamic influx of traders, warriors, sufi, and farmers led to clashes.
Muhammad ibn Qasim
Umayyad general who led a war against Indus Valley.
Welcomed often because Islam promised lighter taxes on farmers.

24. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
B. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization
The Islamic foothold in the Indus Valley allowed for contact.
Math, medicine, music, astronomy
Hindu mathematicians and astronomers traveled to Baghdad in the 8th century.
Algebra and Geometry were translated into Arabic.
Indian numbers used by Arab Abbasids then passed on to Europeans called Arabic numerals.
Muslim conquerors to India adopted Indian styles of dress and culture.

25. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
C. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions
10th century, Turkish slave dynasty
Established in Afghanistan
Mahmud of Ghazni
Began second invasion of India.
Wanted to spread Islam and find rich Hindu temples to plunder.
Muhammad of Ghur
Persian general who conquered Indus Valley and Northern India for political control.
Qutb-ud-Din Aibak
Slave lieutenant, forms state at Delhi
Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years
D. Patterns of Conversion
Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables
Conversion to escape taxes

26. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
E. Patterns of Accommodation
High-caste Hindus remain apart
Muslims also often fail to integrate
Social hierarchy in Islam begins to develop in India.
F. Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival
Bhakti
devotional cults to suck in untouchables and women.
emotional approach, and caste distinctions were dissolved.
Mira Bai, Kabir,
Songs in regional languages became more accessible to common people.
G. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India
All cultures Islamic monotheism supplanted but did not eradicate animism.
Islamic doctrines were recast in heavily mystical, and even magical mode.

27. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
A. Trading Contacts and Conversion
Trading leads to peaceful conversion in Southeast Asia
Sufis key to conversion in port cities.
Malacca
Along the trading ports to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java)
Coastal cities especially receptive
Buddhist elites, but the population converted to Islam
B. Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam
Important mystical strain because it was spread by Sufi.
Women in a stronger position.
Major trading in local markets, they were primary buyers and sellers.
Matrilineal
Western Sumatra lineage traced through women.