1. Springfield Central High School
Unit 4 lesson 1 Cell Unit
Springfield Central High School

2. Massachusetts Frameworks for Cell Form Unit
Central Concepts: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
2.1   Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport).
2.2   Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
2.3   Use cellular evidence (e.g., cell structure, cell number, cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe the six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia).

3. The Key Concepts of this Cell Unit:
Evolution
We’ll discuss the origin of cells and life
We’ll see how symbiosis caused the evolution of eukaryote cells from prokaryotes.
Scale
We’ve already seen where cells fit into the levels of biological organization.
Cycles
We’ll revisit many of the cycles we’ve already studied: carbon, scientific method, H2O
We’ll learn a new cycle: the cell cycle
Unity/ organization
We’ll see again how all life shares certain characteristics
Form determines function
A cell’s form determines cell function
Comparison
We will compare and contrast different types of cells.
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes
 Plant Cells Vs Animal Cells

4. The 6 major topics to be learned in the cell unit:
CELLS - The cell is the smallest unit of life. What does that mean? It means that the cell is the smallest living thing capable of replicating. 
ORGANELLES - Cells are also made up of individual parts? The interior of any cell has many types of little organs- called organelles, for example- nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi complex etc. All these organelles have their own functions to perform within the cell.
PROTEINS - FATS - CARBOHYDRATES - NUCLEIC ACIDS What are organelles made of? All the cellular organelles are made of macromolecules like carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). 
From:
 1. A cell is the smallest unit of life.
Let’s place cells in context the of scale for high school biology.

5. The 6 major topics to be learned in the Cell Form Unit: (cont)
2. Origin of the cell is the origin of life:
Life Emerges
Fossil record shows that cells first appear before 3.5 billion years ago.
Stanley Miller's Experiment showing spontaneous, abiotic production of organic molecules. 

6. The 6 major topics to be learned in the Cell Form Unit: (cont)
3.  There are two types of cells: Prokaryote and Eukaryote. You should already know that a prokaryote cell does not have a nucleus or any self-contained organelles; while a eukaryote cell does have a nucleus and can have other self-contained organelles. 
Types of organisms that are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryote celled organisms:
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukaryote celled organisms: 
Protist  (aka. protoctista)
Fungus 
Plant
Animal

7. The 6 major topics to be learned in the Cell Form Unit: (cont)
4. Learn the differences between types of cells: 
Prokaryote cell vs. Eukaryote cell
Plant cell vs. animal cell

8. The 6 major topics to be learned in the Cell Form Unit: (cont)
5.   Cell theory: 
After the invention of the microscope, scientists began making observations and stating facts about cells. 
The explanation of these facts is known as cell theory. There are 3 main points to the cell theory. 
i. All living things are composed of one or more cell. 
ii. The cell is the basic unit of life 
iii. Cells come form pre-existing cells. 
Cell Theory time line and Scientists
Robert Hooke and his microscope

9. The 6 major topics to be learned in the Cell Form Unit: (cont)
6.  Cell’s structures and those structure’s functions: 
Structures of Prokaryote Cells 
Structure of eukaryote cells 
Organelles of eukarote cells  
Organelles for manufacturing and transport of organic molecules 
Organelles for storage and breakdown of organic molecules 
Organelles for energy processing
Other structures found in eukarote cells: 
Flagella and cilia
Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)  

10. Cells Defined:
Cells are small packages that have all the characteristics of life.  These packages  are surrounded by a special double layer of fat known as a phospholipid bilayer, which separates the outer environment from the cell's inner environment. 
The separation of the outer environment from the inner environment allows the cell to maintain homeostasis. 
Dr. Charles Mallory from the University of Miami describes cells as: A living cell is a self-contained, self-assembling, self-adjusting, self-perpetuating mix of organic molecules that can use energy in a controlled fashion.

11. Cells are defined by the definition or key characteristic of Life
Recall
Unit 1Lesson 4
Cells form a separate environment within a phospholipid bilayer from the greater environment.
The environment within the cell can be chemically regulated by the cell.
Cells have means for chemical replication.
Cells can produce and reproduce chemicals such as DNA, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
The ability to reproduce chemicals allows cells to make copies of themselves.
Self-replication of chemicals and cells allows for stability and life itself.
Cells can transform and use energy in a controlled way.
Cells harness available energy to sustain life.
A concise definition of a biological cell: the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are surrounded by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm.

12. Questions to Ponder from Lesson 1
 What is a cell?
What are the key concepts to understand this unit?
Where do cells fit into the order of scale studied in biology?
How old are the oldest known fossils of cells?
What is the significance of Stanley Miller’s experiment?
What are the two types of cells?
How do the two types of cells differ?
What are the key characteristics of a plant cell?
What are the key characteristics of an animal cell?
What are organelles?
What are the three points to the cell theory?
Who were the scientists involved in the discovery of the cell theory?
What is the cell membrane and why is it so important to life?
Why are the definition of cells and the characteristics of life similar?