1. Muslim empires
Chapter 8, Section 5

2. Five Pillars of Islam The most important teachings of Muhammad.
They include:
Shahadah/Faith
Salah/Prayer
Sawm/Fasting
Zakah/Almsgiving
Haji/Pilgrimage
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3. Muslim Empires—The Caliph
Muhammad died without someone to continue his work.
A caliph was elected to succeed him.
The title “caliph” was used from 632 until AD.
Caliphs:
Spread the word of God.
Founded a new empire—the caliphate.
Caliphate—a government ruled by a religious leader.

4. Conquest, Trade, and Learning
Caliphs created a vast trading network:
Traded:
Ideas through books
Artwork through metalwork, pottery, and fabrics

5. Conquest, Trade, and Learning
To preserve knowledge, Muslims collected and translated books during the Middle Ages.
During the 1100s and 1200s, texts were translated from Arabic into Hebrew and Latin.
Translations helped European scholars study knowledge from the ancient world.

6. Islam in Europe
Caliphs conquered Christian Spain and introduced Islamic culture.
Caliphs wanted to spread Islam throughout Europe.
732 AD--Tried to capture Tours (present- day west-central France) but were defeated by Charles Martel.
By 1400 had succeeded in conquering parts of Europe.

7. Ottoman Empire
Controlled what is now Turkey and parts of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Southeast Europe.
Constantinople—now Istanbul, Turkey—was the capital.
Rulers were called sultans.
Sultans were tolerant of other religions:
Christians and Jews:
Paid a tax to worship.
Achieved prominent positions in banking and business.

8. Suleiman 1—”The Magnificent”
Ruled from 1520 to 1566.
Christians called him “The Magnificent.”
Muslims called him “The Lawgiver.”
Published a code of laws that established a system of justice through the empire.
During his rule, it was the richest and most powerful empire in Europe.

9. Slaves and Soldiers Not everyone shared the empire’s wealth and glory.
Slaves—often prisoners from conquered lands—served at court or in the homes of the wealthy.
Many slaves became soldiers.

10. The Janissaries
Special group of soldiers who were loyal to the sultan.
Developed in the late 1300s from a small group of slaves.
By the 1600s were so powerful that even the sultans feared them!
Influence weakened when they refused to learn modern warfare.
In 1826, a group attacked the sultan:
Forces loyal to the sultan attacked the Janissaries.
Killed about 6,000 Janissaries.
Sultan disbanded the Janissaries.

11. Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Over the centuries, the empire grew weak.
It fought constantly to maintain itself.
By 1800, the empire was close to bankruptcy several times.
Couldn’t compete in trade with industrialized Europe.

12. Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Sultan Mehmed V fought on the losing side of World War 1.
Empire lost control of Arab lands.
1924—Ottoman Empire no longer existed
Became modern-day Turkey.
Sultan Mehmed V

13. Questions