1. AP Euro Review
Part II

2. REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 “THE SPRINGTIME OF PEOPLES” UNIFICATION OF ITALY AND GERMANY

3. Causes of the Revolutions of 1848
The Hungry 40s
Crop failure
High prices
Unemployment
Potato blight
Increase in crime
Radicalization of politics
Abdication of Louis-Philippe, and the rise of the 2nd Republic under Louis Napoleon
Revolts across Europe calling for constitutionalism, liberalism, rights – free expression, including press
Britain and Russia exceptions

4. Revolutions of 1848

5. “When France sneezes, Europe catches cold” –Metternich
Italy
Austria
Giuseppe Mazzini (nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian states desire freedom from foreign rule
Put down by Catholic alliance of France and Austria
Multi-ethnic, susceptible to revolt
Forced Metternich out, new Emperor, Franz Joseph I grants a new constitution
Gain peasant support by abolishing feudalism
Hungarian Magyars demand autonomy
Revolution suppressed not due to strength of Hapsburgs, but division of revolutionaries
Hapsburgs agreed to Ausgleich – nearly co-equal status to King of Hungary

6. “To My People and to the German Nation”
Germany
“To My People and to the German Nation”
Pan-Germanism: unify German speaking countries of Europe
Prussian King Frederick William IV convenes Frankfurt Parliament
Constitutional monarchy
Rejected constitution and without Prussia, constituent assembly dissolved

7. The Crimean War,
Ottoman (the “sick man of Europe”) allied with France, Britain, and Sardinia to defeat Russian expansionism
Battle of Balaklava, Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854
Alfred Lord Tennyson
Florence Nightingale
Peace of Paris, 1856
Russia out of the Black Sea
Determined to restructure militarily and industrially
Expands east
Laid foundation for Italian and German unification

9. Unification of Italy and Germany
Bismarck’s real-politik
Zollverein
Kleindeutschland vs. Grossdeutschland
1862 Danish War
1866 Austro-Prussian War
North German Confederation
1870 Franco-Prussian War
Italy, 1870
Risorgimento
Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour, Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
Defeated Austria with French help in Franco-Austrian War 1859
Garibaldi brought the southern part of the peninsula
Unified most of Italy by 1861
Venice, 1866 (Austro-Prussian War)
Rome, 1870 (Franco-Prussian War)

10. THE AGE OF MASS POLITICS ( ) IMPRESSIONISM/POST-IMPRESSIONISM THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IMPERIALISM

11. The Age of Mass Politics:
The 3rd French Republic,
Victorian England ( )
Politically unstable
monarchists vs republicans
Adolphe Thiers, 1st president, moderate republican
Constitution 1875, little power to the president
Stained by scandal:
Panama Canal Scandal, 1888
Dreyfus Affair, 1894
Imperial expansion
Largest, most prosperous empire in the world
Naval supremacy
Industrial Revolution
Politics:
Tories (Conservatives) under Disraeli vs. Whigs (Liberals) under Gladstone
Reform Act of 1867
Irish question
Suffragette movement

12. Impressionism, 19th Century
Edouard Manet, Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe, 1863 at Salon des Refuses
Claude Monet, Impression – Sunrise, 1872

13. A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, 1882

14. Auguste Renoir, Dance at the Moulin de la Galette, 1876

15. Berthe Morisot, Villa at the Seaside, 1874

16. Gustave Caillebotte, Paris: A Rainy Day, 1877

17. Edgar Degas, Musicians in the Orchestra, 1872

18. Post-Impressionism: Georges Seurat, La Grande Jatte, 1884-86

19. Paul Cezanne, Basket of Apples, 1890-94

20. Paul Gaugin, Sacred Spring, Sweet Dreams, 1894

21. Vincent van Gogh, The Night Café, 1888

22. AWFUL 1st Ind. Rev. 2nd Ind. Rev. c. 1760-1830 c. 1850-1914 Textiles
Time Frame
Methods of Production
Mass Production
Power Sources
New Engines
Inventions
Standard of Living for working class c c
Hand → Machine
Increased Automation
Textiles
Steel (Bessemer Process)
Water, Coal, & Steam*
Petroleum & Electricity
Steam Engine*
Internal Combustion
Spinning Jenny
Water Frame
Spinning Mule
Cotton Gin
Automobiles
Chemicals
Railroads (Prevalent)
Telegraph, Telephone, Radio
AWFUL
Think Tocqueville in Manchester
Still Bad, but improving
(Sewers, Sanitation, etc.)
Expansion of Middle Class
* Note that these technologies continued to be used during the 2nd IR but new sources of power were introduced, in addition.

23. The Second Industrial Revolution – Technology Timeline
Lightbulb is developed.
Public lighting is available. For the public.
Radio developed (1910s).
1870s
1880s
1890s
1900s...
Telephone is invented (1876).
Automobile is developed.
Flyin’ machines invented.
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24. What sparked the Second Industrial Revolution?
Production led to:
▪ Improved transportation: production of automobiles and subways.
▪ Lighter and more durable building material for new constructs.
▪ Displacement of iron in production of machines and firearms.
Usage led to:
▪ Development of Thomas Edison’s incandescent light bulb in the 1870’s.
▪ Public lighting in major cities.
▪ New form of power and energy for industries, factories, generators, turbines, and motors.

25. Comparison of Leading Industrial Nations
*See charts on p. 741 of The Western Experience (Chambers) for visual comparison of industrial production.

26. Age of Empire: Motives (the Why?)
Gold
Glory
God
Social Darwinism

27. How? European Advantages: African Disadvantages: Maxim gun (1889)
Steam engine
The cure for malaria
African Disadvantages:
Diversity of population
Low level of technology

28. IV. Berlin West Africa Conference 1884-5 Divides Africa
Convened by Germany’s Bismarck to set rules for annexing African territory
Purpose: to prevent war amongst Europeans
14 Eur. nations attended; no African rulers present
Outcome: annexation of African terr. only recognized when “effective occupation” demonstrated
By 1914 only Liberia & Ethiopia remained independent
Battle of Adwa, 1896
Conference successful in avoiding Eur. War with 1 major exception: South Africa

30. European Clashes
Fashoda Incident, 1898
Boer War,

31. British Empire
French Empire

32. Belgium: King Leopold I