1. Special Update For DSM-5
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury
Psychology
Sixth Edition
Special Update For DSM-5
Chapter 8
Motivation and Emotion
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

2. Table 8.1 James’s List of Human Instincts
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

3. The tendency of our bodies to maintain a stable body weight is well documented (Schwartz & others, 2000). Maintaining a stable body weight occurs when you experience energy balance—that is, when the calories you take in almost exactly match the calories you expend for physical activity and metabolism.
Figure 8.1 Energy Balance
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

4. Figure 8.2 Blood Glucose and the Motivation to Eat
In this graph, the red dots depict the effects of insulin triggering a small decline in blood glucose over the course of about 30 minutes. As blood glucose decreases, the person’s subjective desire to eat increases sharply, depicted by the green line. Notice that although this person did not eat, his blood glucose level returned to normal within the hour and his desire to eat diminished. In daily life, a small decline in blood glucose level is one of the factors that reliably predict our motivation to eat.
Figure 8.2 Blood Glucose and the Motivation to Eat
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

5. Figure 8.3 Ghrelin: The Hunger Hormone
The recently discovered hormone named ghrelin is manufactured primarily by the stomach and stimulates appetite (Nakazato & others, 2001). The graph shows the average plasma levels of ghrelin for 10 normal-weight individuals over the course of 24 hours. Ghrelin levels rise shortly before eating, precipitating feelings of hunger. During and shortly after the meal, ghrelin levels, and feelings of hunger, fall (Cummings & others, 2002). So, if your stomach is ghrelin, you must be hungry!
Figure 8.3 Ghrelin: The Hunger Hormone
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

6. Figure 8.4 Regulating Appetite and Body Weight
Multiple signals interact to regulate your appetite and energy expenditure so that you maintain a stable body weight over time. As summarized in this drawing, your appetite is stimulated (+) by increased levels of ghrelin and neuropeptide Y. On the other hand, your appetite is suppressed (-) by increased levels of leptin, insulin, and CCK.
Figure 8.4 Regulating Appetite and Body Weight
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

7. Figure 8.5 Calculating Your BMI: Where Do You Weigh In?
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

8. Figure 8.6 Age and Gender Differences in Metabolism
From infancy through adolescence, there is a steep decline in the rate at which your body uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat, breathing, and body heat. Your BMR continues to decrease by about 2 to 3 percent during each decade of adulthood. At all points in the lifespan, women’s metabolic rate is 3 to 5 percent lower than men’s.
Figure 8.6 Age and Gender Differences in Metabolism
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

9. Figure 8.7 Genetic Susceptibility and Environmental Conditions
If different populations have similar percentages of people who are genetically susceptible to obesity, then the critical factor becomes environmental conditions. In a low-risk environment, the availability of food, especially high-calorie foods, is limited. In countries with poorly developed economies and food supplies, the prevalence of underfed people (BMI < 17) is higher than the prevalence of obesity (BMI > 30). But in countries with established or well-developed economies, such as most Western countries, food is plentiful and easily attainable, creating high-risk conditions for obesity. In highly developed market economies, obesity rates have soared.
Figure 8.7 Genetic Susceptibility and Environmental Conditions
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

10. Figure 8.8 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow believed that people are innately motivated to satisfy a progression of needs, beginning with the most basic physiological needs. Once the needs at a particular level are satisfied, the individual is motivated to satisfy the needs at the next level, steadily progressing upward. The ultimate goal is self-actualization, the realization of personal potential.
Figure 8.8 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

11. Table 8.2 Maslow’s Characteristics of Self-Actualized People
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

12. Table 8.3 The Basic Emotions
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

13. Figure 8.9 Fear Circuits in the Brain
When you’re faced with a potentially threatening stimulus—like a snake dangling from a stick—information arrives in the thalamus and is relayed simultaneously along two pathways. Crude, archetypal information rapidly travels the direct route to the amygdala, triggering an almost instantaneous fear response. More detailed information is sent along the pathway to the visual cortex, where the stimulus is interpreted. If the cortex determines that a threat exists, the information is relayed to the amygdala along the longer, slower pathway. The amygdala triggers other brain structures, such as the hypothalamus, which activate the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system’s release of stress hormones.
Figure 8.9 Fear Circuits in the Brain
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

14. Figure 8.10 The James–Lange Theory of Emotion
According to William James, we don’t tremble and run because we are afraid, we are afraid because we tremble and run. James believed that body signals trigger emotional experience. These signals include physiological arousal and feedback from the muscles involved in behavior. The James–Lange theory inspired a great deal of research, but only limited aspects of the theory have been supported by research evidence.
Figure The James–Lange Theory of Emotion
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

15. Figure 8.11 The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, emotional experience requires the interaction of two separate factors: (1) physiological arousal and (2) a cognitive label for that arousal.
Figure The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

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