1. Philip II of Spain Rule: 1556-1598
Territories included: Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Netherlands
Squelch (Objective): Protestants and Muslims
Battle of Lepanto, 1571 defeat Ottoman Turks ( England signs mutual defense pact with France)
Interference:
French monarch succession/French civil wars
Civil/cold relations with England, tensions increase due to English support of the Dutch/ English pirates

2. Elizabeth I of England Poor compared with Spain
Small player in European affairs
Elizabeth unified the people by:
Parliament: government open to most Englishmen, elevates commoners= gentry class
Encourages patriotism= common enemy, Spain
Support Protestant efforts abroad/ encouraged English sailors to explore/ raid Spanish ships 
Executed Mary, Queen of Scots
Conspired against Elizabeth
Elizabeth was conflicted over execution
Kill an anointed Queen?

3. Dutch Revolt
Philip reorganizes Catholic Church in the Netherlands, gives him more power
Inquisition against the Calvinists
Jesuits search for heretics
William of Orange- defends people against Philip’s Inquisition
Son, Maurice of Nassau unites many of the Dutch provinces
United Provinces 1579: provinces, fight back/ Spanish unable to break
Truce reached in years

4. The Armada
Philip- enraged by English interference in the Netherlands (helping the Protestants)
Armada: Huge fleet, deliver Spanish army to invade England
English able to match Spain in the Channel- many Spanish ships lost
Remaining fleet forced to flee- wind, storms, and English ships that gave chase
Result in less than half of the Armada returning home

5. Civil War in France Calvinists in France= Huguenots Guises- Bourbons
Gaining popularity
Guises-
Powerful noble family, leadership of the Catholics
Bourbons
Powerful noble family, leadership of the Huguenots (political rather than purely religious)

6. Civil War in France
Henry II dies in Three sons take over throne/ each ineffectual (30 years)
Catherine de Medici- attempts to maintain control of the throne/sons, switches sides depending on who has more power
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572:
20,000 Huguenots killed
War breaks out 1562
Armanda defeat effects war in France
Philip can no longer help the Duke of Guise and the Catholics

7. Civil War in France
Duke of Guise is assassinated/ Catholics unable to maintain organization
Henry of Navarre, inherits throne to become
Henry IV of France (r )
Converts to Catholicism to bring peace to France
Edict of Nantes
Toleration of Huguenots
Protected rights/ open public office

8. Sec I
Evaluate the relative weight of religious and political factors underlying the wars between the 1560’s-1640’s
What problems faced Philip II?

9. The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

10. Civil War
In France
( )

11. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End
Henri II was the last powerful Valois
Three weak sons followed:
Francis II
Charles IX
Henri III
Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
Was mother to the boys
Played both sides in the civil war
Developed a reputation for cruelty

12. Catherine de Medici

13. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

14. The French Civil War There were two sides:
Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

15. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

16. The French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.
Effects of Civil War:
France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Catholic League
CIVIL WAR
Protestant Union

17. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

18. Henry IV of France Ended Spanish interference in France
Converted to Catholicism :
Did this to compromise and make peace
Paris is worth a mass.
This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
Granted religious rights to Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for all

19. The Thirty Years
War ( )

20. Sec II
In what ways does the Thirty Years’ War reflect the mixture of politics and religion in the war during this period?
What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia?

22. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.
Spain, France, Sweden and Denmark all interested in acquiring Habsburg territory in the HRE
At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.
At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened.
Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

23. Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Ended war between Lutherans/ Catholics in Ger. (HRE Charles V)
224 German States- practice religion chosen by ruler
Lutherans living under a Catholic prince-bishopric could continue to practice Lutheranism
*Calvinism complicates this treaty*

24. (1st) The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Ferdinand II (HRE) inherited Bohemia thru his cousin Emperor Mathias.
The Bohemians hated him.
Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.
Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
Bohemia elected a new king, Frederick II

25. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
borrowed an army from Maxmilian of Bavaria.
Mostly Catholic/Imperial victories
Bohemian lose
Leading rebels executed
Frederick II loses his lands
Max gets ½ as reward
Spanish get other ½
The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

26. Bohemian Phase

27. (2nd) Phase: 1621-1630 Truce between Spanish and Dutch exp. 1621
War resumes
Spanish send army to help HRE crush Protestant forces
England absolves itself to involvement

28. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
Tried to crush Protestants in northern Holy Roman Empire.
Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein (Bohemian noble) for the army.
Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
Edict of Restitution (1629):
Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.
Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.
German princes feared Ferdinand 
He fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
Princes united (Catholic & Protestant) against Wallenstein

29. Danish Phase

30. Albrecht von Wallenstein

31. (3rd )The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
War becomes PURELY political
France & Sweden now get involved.
Both want to stop Habsburg power.
Sweden led the charge.
France provided support.
Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.
Feared Habsburg invasion of Sweden/ disgust with treatment of Protestants
Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.
Swedish advance was stopped.
German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.
Last leader able to unify authority in Germany

32. Swedish Phase

33. Gustavus Adolphus

34. (4th) The French Phase: 1635-1648
France & Sweden switched roles.
Protestants in Ger. Principalities raise new armies
Ferdinand makes deal with Ger. Protest/ fight united against outsiders
Lift Edict of Restitution/amnesty to all except Frederick II/ few key Bohemian leaders .

35. (4th) The French Phase: 1635-1648
All countries in Europe now participated.
Fighting continued in the Spanish Netherlands until 1658c, the Baltic region until 1661 (between Russia, Poland, Sweden and Denmark
This phase was most destructive!
German towns decimated.
Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.
8 million dead  1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]
Caused massive inflation.
Trade was crippled throughout Europe

36. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

37. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Political Provisions:
Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor.
The United Provinces [Dutch Netherlands.] became officially independent  so. part remained a Spanish possession.
France rcvd. most of the German-speaking province of Alsace.
Sweden  got lands in No. Germany on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.
Switzerland became totally independent of the HRE  Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HRE.
Brandenburg got important territories. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

38. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Religious Provisions:
Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.
The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

39. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

41. ALL parties involved participated in negotiations
Emergence of a state system/ rearrangement of European map (looks modern!)
Principle beneficiaries were France (DOMINATE PLAYER) and Sweden
Conflict shifts away from religion/ willing to fight over economic, territorial or political reasons
Economic prosperity returns to the northern countries faster ( England/ Netherlands)
Loser- House of Habsburg
Principality Autonomy EST- 1657
HRE Leopold I elected on 2 conditions
Would not give help to his relative, King of Spain
HRE would not interfere in the principalities affairs/authority

42. What were the long-range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?

43. Sec. III
What changes in military equipment, tactics, and organization took place in the 16th and 17th centuries?
What were some of the economic, social and political consequences of these changes?

44. Bang! Bang! Boom! Boom! Introduction of gunpowder:
Castles AND towns become heavily fortified and require intricate use of architecture and trenches to delay/avoid offensive use of explosives
Cavalry charges become obsolete
“Spanish Square”: 3000 men per square, use of gunners and pike holders
Gustavus Adolphus: Use of the salvo, gunners fire at once

45. You’re in the Army Now! Spain- 40,000 to 60,000 men
Sweden- 150,000 men
France- 400,000 men
New ranks/standardized uniforms
Use of conscription or the Draft

46. Impact on civilians Lower classes paid the bulk in taxes
Supplied majority of the men
Conscription/Forced service
For every soldier on the field, 5 additional men/boys needed for support
i.e. launderer, peddlers, tradespeople
Local towns provided resources for camping army