1. World History Final

2. Prehistory Prehistory: before written records.
Think cavemen.
Paleolithic Era: nomadic hunter-gatherers

3. Neolithic Era (AKA Humans get their stuff together)
Neolithic Era/Neolithic Revolution: people stop wandering around. Start to farm in one place
Creates CIVILIZATION. (FYI - This is a big deal)
Domestication: breeding plants and animals to be more useful to humans
Pastoralists: nomads with herds of domestic animals (like sheep, cows, etc.)
Division of Labor: not everyone runs around for food. Some people specialize in other areas. (like buildings. Buildings are cool.)

4. Early Civilizations First civilizations built around rivers
Good soil/weather = more food = more people
Government structures
City-State: unit based on a city government and surrounding area
Dynasty: throne passes down through family line
Theocracy: gov’t ruled by religious figures

5. Early Religions
Most early religions are Polytheistic: belief in many gods
Hinduism
Hebrews create first religion that is Monotheistic: belief in one god
Judaism
Mono = one…..Poly = many!

6. Writing Earliest writing systems
Cuneiform (Sumer) and Hieroglyphics (Egypt)
Hammurabi’s Code- first written legal code (Babylon)
Phoenicians- developed the first alphabet

7. Early India/China India China
Gupta Empire: India’s Golden Age. Center of trade/culture. Hinduism spread and Sanskrit Literature developed
China
Shi Huangdi: unites China under Qin Dynasty. Follows Legalism (people are bad and need a harsh strong ruler)
Han Dynasty : Civil Service exam and starts Silk Roads

8. Greece Polis – Greek city state Athens was the first direct Democracy
Democracy: people rule
Monarchy: King/Queen
Oligarchy: a few people rule
Athens was the first direct Democracy
Super cultural, lots of great philosophers
Homer wrote The Iliad and Odyssey
Sparta was a warrior society, oligarchy

9. Alexander the Great
Conquered all of Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia and India.
Spread Greek culture and language all across the world (Hellenistic World)

10. Rome Two major classes Government: Republic (elected officials)
Patricians – Elite ruling class
Plebians – Common people
Government: Republic (elected officials)
Senate: leading patricians
Tribunes: elected by plebians
Two Consuls elected for only one year

11. Rome Julius Caesar declared Dictator for Life
After his assasination, Civil war between Marc Antony and Octavian (Augustus)
Augustus won, named Emperor
Roman Republic -> Roman Empire
Pax Romana: Time of peace with good emperors
Spread Latin Language across Europe
Spread Christianity under Emperor Constantine

12. Warm Up

13. African Kingdoms Geography Major Kingdoms
Sahara – largest desert in the world
Savanna – large grassland
Very little farmable land = Pastoralist lifestyle
Major Kingdoms
Axum: trading center, converted to Christianity
Ghana: exported gold, imported salt in trans-saharan trade
Mali: Muslim west-Africa, led by Mansa Musa
Arab Muslims expanded slave trade

14. Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman Empire survived
Constantinople = capital
Emperor Justinian reclaims most of Rome’s old land
Justinian Code: updated roman law code. Basis for all European law in Middle Ages
Great Schism – Split between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church

15. Dark Ages (Early Middle Ages)
Chaos in W. Europe after fall of the W. Roman Empire
Battle of Tours – Europeans defeat Muslim Invaders
Charlemagne – first Holy Roman Emperor, tries to recreate the culture and religion of Roman Empire
Vikings do Viking stuff.

16. Feudal System

17. Middle Ages Pope was over all Christian Kings
Pope Urban II called for Crusades against Muslims in Holy Land
Ultimately unsuccessful, BUT did encourage more trade between Europeans and the east
Reintroduced ancient works to Europe

18. Late Middle Ages Kings get more power after Crusades
Except in England: Magna Carta gives more rights to nobles and citizens
Reconquista: Christians in Spain push out Muslim invaders
Food production becomes more efficient = people begin to move to cities
Guild system: regulates trade and production
Black Death: kills 1/3 of population. Survivors get paid more and have more rights

19. Renaissance Begins in Italy – trade center
Humanism : intellectual movement
Inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman learning
Individuals can achieve greatness through effort
Mostly secular (non-religious)
Machiavelli: Political philosopher
Humans are naturally self-centered
Rulers should gain power by any means

20. Renaissance Da Vinci: “Renaissance Man”
painted, sculpted, invented, studied math, science, and anatomy
Guttenberg: Invents the Printing Press with moveable type
Ideas spread quickly
Better access to learning

21. Protestant Reformation
Problems with the Church: power over everyone, excommunication, indulgences etc.
Martin Luther publishes 95 theses, begins Protestant Reformation
John Calvin believed in Predestination
Henry VIII and the English Reformation
Counter Reformation
Council of Trent and Inquisition

22. How do I write a short-answer response?
Why was the Spanish Armada launched and what happened to it?

23. How do I write a short-answer response?
Why was the Spanish Armada launched and what happened to it?
The Recipe:
State your claim/opinion
The Spanish Armada was launched to invade England and overthrow the Protestant Elizabeth I in favor of a Catholic ruler.
2. Answer pt. 2 of question and back it up
The mission was ultimately unsuccessful. Spain’s ships were destroyed by storms off the English coast and those that remained fell to England’s use of fire ships.
3. Explain the SIGNIFICANCE!
The destruction of the Armada represented Spain’s decline and the rise of Britain as a global empire.

24. How do I write a short-answer response?
Why was the Spanish Armada launched and what happened to it?
The Spanish Armada was launched to invade England and overthrow the Protestant Elizabeth I in favor of a Catholic ruler. The mission was ultimately unsuccessful. Spain’s ships were destroyed by storms off the English coast and those that remained fell to England’s use of fire ships. The destruction of the Armada represented Spain’s decline and the rise of Britain as a global empire.

25. Try this!
Analyze the initial responses of China and Japan to imperialism by Western powers.  Then, using specific examples, compare the long-term consequences of those responses during this time period.