1. End of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution

2. Transition from Cromwell to Charles II
Cromwell died in 1658
His son ruled unsuccessfully for 2 years after him
1660, Charles II was welcomed as king, restoring the monarchy, House of Lords, and Anglicanism to England and thereby ending the Protectorate/Dictatorship/Puritan Republic of Cromwell
Charles ruled until 1685

3. Charles II r
Favored religious toleration but had secret Catholic leanings including the desire to convert
Parliament did NOT allow this and actively persecuted Catholics in England with mandates like the Test Act
, Charles displayed very close ties with France and Louis XIV (Catholic) and so ruled fairly independently from Parliament
Converted to Catholicism on his deathbed
Test Act- pledge an oath denying transubstantiation- aimed at brother James who was a recent convert

4. James II r
Final part of the Jimmy-Chuck sandwich; brother of Charles II and VERY Catholic; admirer of Louis XIV
Demanded the repeal of the Test Act and closed Parliament when they refused
Appointed Catholics in high positions
Permitted free worship (seen as an attack on local authority)
Second wife was Catholic and had a son; England was very scared of another Catholic monarch

5. Glorious Revolution
Parliament invited James’ daughter from his first, Protestant marriage, Mary, and her husband William III of Orange (leader of the opposition to Louis XIV) to invade England and take the throne
William and Mary arrived in 1688 and took the throne with popular approval
James and his family fled to France before William and Mary arrived
Considered “glorious” because it occurred without bloodshed

6. William and Mary r
Recognized the English Bill of Rights, 1689
Rule by the consent of Parliament
Rule within the Law
Parliament must meet at least every 3 years
No Catholics on the throne
Toleration Act of religious freedom for Protestants and none for Catholics (full political rights only for Anglicans)
John Locke- Second Treatise on Government, 1690
Death of William, 1702

7. Queen Anne r. 1702-1714 and King George r. 1714-1727
Anne- James II’s second daughter from his first, Protestant marriage
Act of Union, England and Scotland combine to create Great Britain
Queen Anne died without issue and so her second-cousin, the Elector of Hanover in Germany, became King George I of GB
Sir Robert Walpole helped George secure the throne by helping centralize and expand the gov’t, trade, and Navy
Constitutionalism rose in England
(he was the closest living Protestant relative, even though there were 50 Catholic relatives closer to the throne)
Grandfather of George III, king during the American Revolution

8. John Locke, Second Treatise on Gov’t, 1690
Took many of Hobbes’s ideas and transformed them to appeal to a wider audience and to support representative rather than absolutist gov’t
State of nature is not the state of war but rather an inconvenient state of having to rule, punish, and fend for yourself
Locke argued that it would be much easier to achieve self- preservation and uphold peace and justice within a community than on an individual basis

9. John Locke Cont.
In the state of nature, the law of nature is reason and to first protect yourself and then others
Even though man still chooses to be a part of a society, God made him in such a way that it is not good for him to be alone, and so being in society is natural (or at least more natural than what Hobbes argued)
Man still gives up his rights to a common power and restricts his freedom by entering into society; Executive, Legislative, and Judicial=>Representative Gov’t and the separation of powers