1. Beginnings of English Colonization of America
Ms. Yurky
American History 8

2. III – New England

3. Henry VII (reign 1485 – 1507) Ended war of Roses
(took throne by force from Richard III)
England was at peace with both Spain and Portugal
Henry sent explorers to the north, searched for the “northwest passage”

4. English Exploration
1497
John Cabot

5. Henry VII Henry had four children who survived infancy
Marriages strengthen nation’s position
Arthur died before father
Name
Birth
Death
Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales
19 September 1486
2 April 1502
Married daughter of King of Spain
Margaret Tudor
28 November 1489
18 October 1541
Married king of Scotland
Henry VIII
28 June 1491
28 January 1547
Married ….
Elizabeth Tudor
2 July 1492
14 September 1495
Mary Tudor
18 March 1496
25 June 1533
Married future King of France
Edward Tudor
1498
1499
Edmund Tudor
21 February 1499
19 June 1500
Katherine Tudor
2 February 1503
10 February 1503

6. Henry VIII Ruled England from 1509-1547
After the death of his father, Henry became King of England (18yrs old)
Had trained to be priest, till brother passed
Continued to stregthen England

7. Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith
Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation
Henry denounced him
England remained loyal to the Catholic Church

8. Henry VIII

9. Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)
Youngest child of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Married Arthur
(engaged at age 3; married 15/16; died 6 months )
Married Henry VIII
(18/23)
Ruled in his absence
Very popular Queen
Four children died
daughter Mary

10. Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)
Henry wanted to end marriage
Pope Clement upheld original Papal Bull which allowed Henry and Catherine to be married
Henry splits from Catholic Church; creates the Church of England
D I V O R C E D

11. Anne Boleyn (1502-1536) B E H E A D E D
Henry became dedicated to marrying Anne, while married to Catherine (42/31)
After marriage, Henry grew displeased
Had a daughter, Elizabeth
Second pregnancy, stillborn son
B E H E A D E D

12. Jane Seymour ( )
Henry married her immediately after Anne’s death (45/20)
Had a son, Edward
She died 12 days after the birth of her son from poor diet and a cold
Henry mourned for 3 years
D I E D
Tried to repair relationship with daughter Mary, but Mary refused to admit her parents marriage was invalid and to denounce Catholic Church)

13. Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) D I V O R C E D
Henry, desperate to have a son, married Anne without having met her. (49/25)
He was told she was young and beautiful
They had nothing in common, and she couldn’t speak English.
Parted as friends
Had Cromwell executed for arranging it
D I V O R C E D
Anne’s brother had been a marriage prospect for Mary

14. Katherine Howard (1520-1542) B E H E A D E D Henry wanted another son
Had been married before (49/20)
Had no children
Cheated on him
Was cousin of Anne Boleyn
Was cousin of Henry’s illegitimate son’s, (Henry FitzRoy) wife Mary
B E H E A D E D

15. Catherine Paar (1512-1548) D I E D Married twice before (52/31)
Convinced Henry to “legitimize” Mary and Elizabeth
After Henry’s death married Thomas Seymour (Jane’s brother)
Thomas probably poisoned her, because he wanted to marry Elizabeth
D I E D

16. Edward King at age 9 Uncle Edward Seymour was regent Died at 15
Lady Jane Grey incident

17. Mary I Daughter of Catherine of Aragon As Queen, marries Phillip
(Phillip was son of her cousin Charles)
Ruled for 6 years
No children of her own
At time of her death, she thought she was pregnant, named her husband (Philip of Spain) as regent

18. Elizabeth I After 11 years of struggle, Elizabeth becomes Queen.
Continues her father’s plan to strengthen the country
Frustrated with lack of a successful colony

19. Early Attempts to Colonize
Sir Walter Raleigh tries 3 times to colonize North Carolina
Cabot sails to North America; claims Canada 1 4 9 5 2 3 6 7 8
Sir Humphrey Gilbert tries twice to colonize Newfoundland

20. Sea Dogs
Elizabeth covertly aids the “sea dogs” like Francis Drake and Guy Hawkins
Angers king of Spain (Philip) whose ships are being attacked

21. Philip II As a prince, had been married to Mary Angry at England
originally, his dad was going to marry her (5 / 21)
offered to marry Elizabeth when Mary died
Angry at England
Henry’s divorce of his great-aunt, Catherine
Split with Catholic church
Attack of his ships
Execution of Mary; Queen of Scots (Catholic cousin of Elizabeth)

22. Philip II of Spain (1527 – 1598)
As prince, married first cousin Maria Manuela 1543
Daughter of Joanna (the mad)
One son, Maria died 1545 at 17
Married his first cousin (once removed) Mary Tudor 1554
Becomes King of England at time of marriage
Becomes King of Spain 1556
No children, Mary died 1558
Married Elisabeth of Valois 1559
Two daughters, Elisabeth dies 1568 at age 23
Marries his niece (his sister’s daughter) 1570
A son, she died in 1580 at age 30

23. Francis Drake known as El Draque by Spanish
Philip demands he be executed for piracy
King Philip II offered a reward of 20,000 ducats (US$6.5M)

24. Elizabeth knights Drake to reward him for his efforts.
Philip enraged

25. Spanish Armada Philip decides to attack England
The Spanish Armada was the best navy in the world
Philip didn’t keep it a secret

26. Spanish Armada Spain's Lord High Admiral Santa Cruz died in 1586.
The admiral chosen to replace him was a very rich and successful general called the Duke of Medina Sidonia.
Though a good general, Medina Sidonia had never been to sea before and when he did get on board his ship, he got seasick. 

27. Spanish Armada
In 1587, Drake attacked Cadiz harbor and destroyed or damaged a number of ships that were being prepared by the Spanish for the Armada

28. Spanish Armada
The stores put on board the new ships rotted as the barrels that contained the food and water were made of new wood which was still damp.
This rotted the food and made the water sour.

29. Spanish Armada
Philip sends his navy, the Armada, to attack England in 1588

30. Spanish Armada
130 Spanish ships with 30,000 troops sent

31. Spanish Armada The fleet sailed in a crescent shape.
The larger but slower galleons were in the middle of the crescent and they were protected by faster but smaller boats surrounding them.
Smaller ships known as zabras and pataches supplied the galleons.

32. Spanish Armada
The English developed a way to inform London that the Armada was coming.
Beacons were lit along the coast. As soon as one beacon was seen, the next further along the coast was lit.
At Beachy Head in Sussex, they went inland towards London.

33. Spanish Armada
When Drake was informed of the Armada's approach, he replied that he had time to finish the game of bowls he was playing on Plymouth Hoe and time to defeat the Armada
He probably knew the tide was against him and wouldn’t let him sail , but the boast made him seem confident

34. Spanish Armada
Drake and his men did very little damage to the Armada as it passed up the English Channel
Only two galleons were damaged
English wasted a lot of ammunition

35. Spanish Armada
The plan was to get to the Spanish Netherlands, pick up Spanish soldiers who were stationed there and invade England's south coast.

36. Spanish Armada
The Armada couldn’t get close to the shore, because there was no deep port, so they had to wait for rest of Spanish troops to join them
At Gravelines bad weather caused a delay,

37. Spanish Armada Drake (and Giambelli) came up with a plan
Eight old ships were loaded up with anything that could burn well. These floating bombs were set to drift during the night into the resting Armada.

38. Spanish Armada
The Armada was a fully armed fleet. Each ship was carrying gunpowder and the ships were made of wood with canvas sails. If they caught fire, each ship would not have a chance.

39. Spanish Armada
Knowing about "Hell Burners", the Spanish put lookouts on each boat.
each ship of the Armada attempted to break out of Gravelines to save itself

40. Spanish Armada
Only one ship was lost, but the crescent shape was gone, leaving the fleet vulnerable to attack

41. Spanish Armada
The English attacked but they were bravely fought off by the Spanish.
Four Spanish galleons stood their ground and fought Drake. (They were outnumbered ten to one. )
Three of these galleons were sunk and 600 men were killed and 800 wounded.

42. Spanish Armada
But they had stopped the English from attacking the rest of the Armada and worsening weather also helped the Armada to escape.
Medina Sidonia later wrote that the Armada was "saved by the weather, by God's mercy..."

43. Spanish Armada
The English fleet blocked off any chance the Armada had of going back down the English Channel.
When the Armada reassembled into a fleet, it could only go up the east coast of England and then around the north of Scotland

44. Spanish Armada
The supplies on board were not enough for such a journey and many of the crews were reduced to eating rope, and fresh water quickly disappeared
As the Armada sailed around the north of Scotland in mid-September, it hit a one of the worst storms in history which damaged many ships.

45. Spanish Armada
Only 67 ships out of 130 returned to Spain – a loss rate of nearly 50%.
Over 20,000 Spanish sailors and soldiers were killed.
Throughout the whole campaign, the English lost no ships and only 100 men in battle

46. Defeat of the Armada 1588
The British defeat of the Spanish Armada becomes a turning point for colonization for England
England’s
confidence is
boosted

47. English Colonization
Following the defeat of the Armada, England becomes committed to establishing a colony in America; finding success with the Jamestown colony