1. The Age of Absolutism

2. Terms to Understand Divine Right Absolute Monarchy Monarch
The belief that God chose a ruler to rule.
Absolute Monarchy
A monarch who has unquestioned, absolute rule and power.
Monarch
A ruler who is part of a ruling family that passes down power from generation to generation
Balance of Power
Countries have equal strength in order to prevent any one country from dominating the others.

3. Rise of Spain
By the 1500s, Spain had emerged as the first modern European nation
Queen Isabella and Ferdinand unified the country.
Who did they sponsor to explore??

4. Phillip II expanded Spain's rule through exploration
Went to war with England (Elizabeth I) over religion
He prepare an Armada or a large group of ships to invade England
The Armada was defeated and Spain's power slowly declined

5. Rise of France Becomes a powerful through the work of….
Cardinal Richelieu- worked behind the scenes of Henry IV and Louis XIII to change French foreign policy.
His main goal was to centralize power around the monarchy and make France the leading power in Europe.

6. Cardinal Richelieu

7. Louis XIV: The Sun King He claimed divine right.
Like the sun is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it, Louis XIV believed (I am the state).
He centralized government, or brought everything to depend on his rule, run from his palace.
Versailles- Louis’ palace became a symbol of his absolute power.

8. The Sun King’s Palace at Versailles

9. The Versailles Palace Today

10. Louis XIV Loved to Spend Money!!!
The Chapel at Versailles
The Hall of Mirrors
The King’s Bedroom
The Queen’s Bedroom

11. Louis XIV: The Sun King (continued)
He ruled for 72 years
He ignored the French Parliament/Congress
He spent lavishly, in the arts and architecture.
He neglected the common people.
English and Dutch kings fought with him to try to keep a balance of power in Europe.
His wars left the treasury drained.
France power in the region eventually fades after Louis XIV dies.

12. England: The Tudors 1485-1603 The Tudor family ruled England.
Henry VIII had started the tradition of consulting Parliament before levying a new tax to raise money.
Edward, Mary Tudor both die leaving Elizabeth next in line to rule England
Queen Elizabeth I successful because she worked with the Parliament and allowed religious freedom.

13. England: The Stuarts Elizabeth I died in 1603 without an heir.
Rule passed to the Stuarts of Scotland who did not deal with Parliament as well as the Tudors had.
James I had to deal with numerous religious issues. Puritans who wanted to purify (change) the Church of England from Catholic influence.

14. England: The Stuarts
Charles I took the throne after James, and acted the same as his father, people became un-happy with Charles rule because he never listened to Parliament.
Civil War!!!-The supporters of Charles (cavaliers) clashed with the supporters of Parliament (roundheads) led by Oliver Cromwell. The roundheads won, and executed Charles I.

15. William and Mary: The Glorious Revolution
Before they were crowned they had to accept the English Bill of Rights.
This created what is known as a limited monarchy where a Constitution or Parliament limits the King’s powers.
Also established the principle of habeas corpus, the idea that nobody could be held in prison if they were not charged with a crime.
England is successful because they limited the power of the King!! Text pg. 534

16. Austria (near modern day Germany)
Despite loses during the 30 Years War, the Hapsburgs family formed a strong Catholic nation in Austria. They had strong leadership under Maria Theresa,

17. Maria Theresa (cont’d)
Ruled Austria after her father Charles VI died.
She made war with Prussia when they seized some of her land.
Despite a lack of knowledge in politics, she was a good enough politician to get keep power.
Had 16 children!!!

18. Prussia (Near modern day Germany)
Became a powerful Protestant state(against Catholics).
Had an absolute monarchy under Frederick William, who did this by forming one of the fiercest militaries ever seen…
What’s the difference between an absolute and limited monarchy???

19. Frederick the Great of Prussia
Prussia (continued)
Frederic William’s son, named Frederick II, became a brilliant military leader, and was given the title Frederick the Great.
Austria and Prussia had both become powerful states, and fought over power of central Europe for a long time to come….
Frederick the Great of Prussia

20. The War of Austrian Succession

21. The War of Austrian Succession (Prussia cont’d)
Frederick the Great invades Austrian territory
Had desire to expand Prussian territory.
Frederick the Great rejected the Pragmatic Sanction which justified Maria’s power.
Started 7 years war between the two nations
Austria and Prussia continued to be rivals until there nations eventually collapsed.

23. Russia Peter the Great Czar- Russia word for ruler 7 feet tall
Took over when he was 10
Sought to “westernize” Russia- to adopt ideas from Western nations like England and France

24. Russia (continued) Peter’s goals -Westernize Russia
-Strengthen the military
-Expand Russia’s borders
-Strengthen royal power
Peter the Great helped Russia become a powerful modern nation!!

25. Russia (continued)
Peter the Great’s biggest problem was that Russia had no warm water ports.
Could not trade during the winter
He had, however, defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along the Baltic Sea.
Peter built his capital, the city of St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, giving him a “gateway to the West.”

26. Russia Under Peter the Great

27. Catherine the Great
When Peter the Great died, he did not leave an heir to the throne. The Romanov family began to battle for power.
Catherine married Czar Peter III.
Peter III went crazy, and was assassinated by his own guards… who then made Catherine their leader.

28. Catherine the Great (continued)
She embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization and serfdom.
She defeated the Ottomans to gain control of the Black Sea. Gained warm water ports!!
In the 1790s she expanded into Poland. By the time they were done, Poland would be gone from the map, not to re-appear as a free Poland until 1919.
Why was Poland important during WWII???

29. Summary:
Absolute monarchies with centralized governments (power coming from one place) began to rise to power in Europe.
The dominant forces in Europe were England, France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
Religious problems Protestants (England + Prussia), Catholics (France + Austria), and Eastern Orthodox Christianity (Russia).
Competitions formed between certain nations England v. France- in the new world Prussia v. Austria over the German States
Alliances were formed between these powers constantly to preserve a balance of power in Europe.

30. Vocabulary Concepts: absolute monarch divine right balance of power
habeas corpus
limited monarchy
westernization
boyar
Partition
Hapsburg Empire
Ottoman Empire
Edict of Nantes
30 Years War
Peace of Westphalia
warm water port
czar
Versailles
Estates General
Parliament
Eastern Orthodox Church
English Civil War
The Glorious Revolution
Bill of Rights
People(s):
Charles V
Suleiman
Philip II
Huguenots
The Romanovs
Peter the Great
Catherine the Great
Frederick William
Frederick the Great
Cavaliers
Roundheads
The Stuarts
serfs
Boyars
Hohenzollern
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV
Maria Theresa
Charles I
Charles II
Oliver Cromwell
Junkers
William and Mary

31. Complete this chart: Spain France Russia Wars England Austria Prussia
Type of Government
+ Leaders
Wars
Religion
Important Events (other than wars)