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STARTER: What do we know already?

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Presentation on theme: "STARTER: What do we know already?"— Presentation transcript:

1 L/O: Exploring the relationship between social groups and religious organizations and beliefs

2 STARTER: What do we know already?

3 The church - Ernst Troeltsch (1931)
Which social class is most associated with the church and why?

4 The church/denomination - feminists
Which gender is most likely to attend the C of E and why?

5 Which gender tends to lead?
Religion and gender Which gender tends to lead?

6 Which social class is more likely to join and why?
Sects (Troeltsch 1981) Which social class is more likely to join and why?

7 NATION OF ISLAM What age , ethnicity and social class does the Nation of Islam appeal to and why?

8 Cults Wallis: 1. What social class is most prevalent?
2. What ethnicity? 3. According to Wallis and Weber, what type of person joins a cult? 4. Why else might this particular social class join a cult according to Stark and Bainbridge?

9 THE MOONIES What social class and age group does the Unification Church appeal to and why?

10 New religious movements
According to Bruce, which age group is most likely to join a NRM and why?

11 Steve Bruce: ethnicity
Why does Bruce argue that ethnic minorities are more likely to be religious?

12 DID I MISS ANYTHING?!

13 GENDER AND PARTICIPATION

14 TASK Look at the graphs from the 2011 census and write a couple of sentences about what each one shows

15 CHRISTIANITY

16 ISLAM

17 No religion

18 2005 Church Census –In main churches or denominations, 57% of women attend more often than men and at least once a week.

19 1990 opinion poll (Brierley 2005)
– 84%of women believe in God in comparison to 64% of men; 57% of women and 39% of men believe in life after death.

20 80% of participants in holistic groups in Kendal were female
Heelas and Woodhead (2005) 80% of participants in holistic groups in Kendal were female

21 Muslim women The 4th PSI found that Muslim women are more likely to say religion is important to them but less likely to attend the mosque.

22 GRACE DAVIE (1994) Percentage believing in:
God Sin Evil The Devil Life after death Women Men

23 WHY?

24 Glock and Stark (1969) and Stark and Bainbridge (1985)
Religion as compensation ___________________________________ WHY DO YOU THINK THAT WOMEN NEED RELIGION TO ACT AS A COMPENSATOR?

25 Glock and Stark (1969) and Stark and Bainbridge (1985)
1. Organismic deprivation - physical and mental health problems 2. Ethical deprivation – women are more conservative, therefore look to religion to stand up against moral decline 3. Social deprivation – women are more likely to be poor

26 Alan Miller and John Hoffman (1995)
Differential socialization – women are taught to be more passive, submissive and obedient which fits with many religious beliefs. Structural location – men more likely to be in the labour force – religion is also often seen as a household activity Risk – there is nothing to lose by being religious. Malinowski identifies that religion helps deal with risk. Men tend to be less risk adverse.

27 Steve Bruce (1996 Risk is not significant.
Religion has an affinity with femininity – ‘less confrontational, aggressive, goal orientated, less domineering, more co-operative and more caring’. New age religions fit with female gender roles too. Since women are more involved with the private sphere, as religion declines in the public sphere, they are less affected by the results of secularization.

28 Linda Woodhead (2005) There is a spiritual revolution involving a shift away from the traditional religions. Secularization increased rationality (see Weber) which has had a corrosive effect on religion – this largely affected men. Females became the majority in churches, thus churches became increasingly feminized – even less appealing to men. 1970s more women in work, decline in church attendance. Women less involved in public world than men New Age beliefs especially help women resolve the tension of work and traditional female roles.

29 Aldridge (2000) Women are being ordained in the C of E because there is a shortage of male priests and it will help appeal to women But many women are still alienated from traditional religion and therefore turn to new age religions because they offer a more positive representation of feminity

30 GRACE DAVIE (1994) Women are closer to birth and death (through child-bearing and caring for sick) which brings them closer to the ultimate questions.

31 BUT!

32 Brierly (2005) WHY MIGHT THIS BE?
Between 1990 and 2005, there has been a decline in Sunday church attendance of 16.4% of women aged 30-45 WHY MIGHT THIS BE?

33 Callum Brown (2001) Since the 1960s, women have begun to reject traditional gender roles…

34 AGE AND PARTICIPATION

35 TASK Look at the graphs from the 2011 census and write a couple of sentences about what each one shows

36 CHRISTIANITY

37 ISLAM

38 No religion

39 Age and religion

40

41 Attendance at church services, England
AGE Under 15 1, ,

42 David Voas and Alisdair Crockettt (2005)
Closer to death – more religious Generational effect British Attitude Survey shows that with each generation there has been less socialization to be religious… Brierly argues that generation Y (1980s -) focus more on finding happiness…

43 Heelas (2005) The Kendal Project showed that people become more interested in spirituality as they get older.

44 ETHNICITY AND PARTICIPATION

45 TASK Look at the graphs from the 2011 census and write a couple of sentences about what each one shows

46

47 Religion by ethnicity, England and Wales, 2011

48 George Chrysisides (1994) 3 options open to ethnic groups: Apostasy
Accommodation Renewed vigour All three cases are found but 2 and 3 are most likely.

49 4th PSI Survey 1997 4th PSI Survey found that Chinese, White and Afro-Carib were less likely than older people to see religion as important. Less marked for African Asians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis but they were still less religious.  Only 4% of Muslims say that religion is not important to them

50 Why are ethnic groups more religious?

51 John Bird (1999 Come from religious nations
As a minority group, religion can act as a form of social solidarity Helps maintain cultural identity Family pressure Helps cope with oppression. Tend to be working class

52 Ken Pryce (1979) Pentecostalism helps Afro Caribbean's adjust to a society of discrimination etc and it can serve to be an opiate. It could also improve ones social position because it encourages thrift and hard work. Rastafarianism offers salvation so is very alluring for the oppressed.

53 Ramji (2007) Islam is a way for men to secure a dominant gender identity. Males in his sample held patriachal attitudes which they justified with Islam – ‘it’s harem to have women in your family working…’

54 Steve Bruce Cultural defence Cultural transition
As ethnic groups become more integrated, religiosity will decline.

55 Religion and independence
Beckford (2000) Dread and Pentecostal: A political theology for the black church in Britain maintains that black Evangelicalism can give people a sense of independence and offer hope. It can also help black people become wealthier as black Pentecostalism portrays wealth positively, something to aim for (Waugh et al. 2008).

56 Jacobson, J. Religion and ethnicity: dual and alternative sources of identity among young British Pakistanis, Ethnic and Racial studies (1997). Jacobson found that Islam is an important source of identity for young British Pakistanis. Religious identity can be a defensive identity in a racist society. In terms of Mitchell's argument about the relationship between ethnicity and religion, it seems that the religious element of young British Muslims has become prominent over ethnicity (Waugh et al. 2008:230).

57 Akhtar, P. (2005), (Re)turn to religion and radical Islam.
Symbolic exclusion: if young Muslims do not feel part of a wider culture, then they can get that sense of belonging from religion instead. He draws on the motion of 'othering' maintaining that Muslims have been 'othered' by the west. Akhtar suggest that religion can also provide a means of political mobilisation for individuals who feel constrained in some way by their circumstances. What has happened, though, is that radical groups have turned religion to their own advantage by uniting all the despaired issues faced by Muslims across the globe and building up a simple split of the presses and fix things. That's oppressive regimes and social, economic and symbolic exclusion on merged together. They all put under the same banner of discrimination against Islam from' the West'. Akhtar argues that after 9/11 and the wars in Afghanistan and a rock, radical is known groups were able to utilise this return to religion by pushing the division between the West and Muslim to explain all Muslim grievances (Waugh et al. 2008).

58 BUT!

59 Tariq Modood (1994) Second generation Muslims are not as religious as their parents because they have been socialised into the wider culture Butler (1995) calls this trend cultural hybridity

60 SOCIAL CLASS AND PARTICIPATION

61 STARTER _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cultural hybridity (Modood)

62 STARTER _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cultural defence(Bruce)

63 STARTER _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Patriarchy (Ramji)

64 Middle class people tend to be interested in new age therapies
Middle class females are more likely to attend traditional churches

65 Bruce: "Religion in Modern Britain“ (1995)
The class composition of New Age cults is overwhelmingly middle class: "Spiritual growth appeals mainly to those whose more pressing material needs have been satisfied. Unmarried mothers raising children on welfare tend to be too concerned with finding food, heat and light to be overly troubled by their inner lights, and when they do look for release from their troubles they prefer the bright outer lights of bars and discotheques".

66 Bruce: "Religion in Modern Britain“ (1995)
New Age cults appeal specifically to: "University-educated middle classes working in the 'expressive professions': social workers, counsellors, actors, writers, artists, and others whose education and work cause them to have an articulate interest in human potential".

67 GRACE DAVIE – believe or belong?
The working class are more likely to believe but not belong, whilst the middle class are likely to belong but not believe WHAT DOES SHE MEAN?

68 Dawkins (2006) There is evidence of an inverse relationship between the level of education and religious belief.

69 Norris and Ingleheart ‘Existential security theory’
The more secure a society is, the less religious it will be and vice versa. Demand for religion is higher amongst lower income groups in society.

70 TEST TIME Complete the test!

71 HOMEWORK Identify and briefly explain three reasons for ethnic differences in participation in religion (9 marks) Due: MONDAY

72 CENSUS 2011 OVERVIEW


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