1. Polis
Polis (city-state) – included the city and the land surrounding it.
Citizens took part in government – held office, vote, speak in court, own property.
Also expected to serve govn’t in time of war.
Slaves, foreign born, non land owners, and women all excluded from citizenship.

2. During the 5th Century B.C. Greece was dominated by two main powers:
Rivals
During the 5th Century B.C. Greece was dominated by two main powers:
Athens and Sparta.

4. Spartan Population
8,000 Spartiates (adult male citizens) ruled over a population of 100,000 enslaved and semi-enslaved people.

5. Spartan Government
Classified as an Oligarchy, but had elements of monarchy (2 kings), democracy (through elections of council) and aristocracy (rule by upper class/land owners)
Two Kings – generals in command of the armies – also some religious duties.
Five Overseers (ephors) elected annually

6. Spartan Government
Two Kings – generals in command of the armies – also some religious duties.
Five Overseers (ephors) elected annually and ran day to day operations.
Could veto rulings of the council or assembly
Council or Senate (Apella)
28 men (over 60 and elected for life) and the 2 kings. Judges and proposed laws.
Assembly
All males over 30 – could support or veto council recommendations by shouting their votes.

7. Spartan Social Structure
3 Classes
1) Spartiates: Military professionals who lived in barracks and who’s land was farmed by serfs.
2) Perioeci: neighbors/outsiders; freemen – artisans, craftsmen, merchants. Could not participate in govn’t.
3) Helots: serfs decended from those who resisted Spartan control and rebelled. Treated like slaves and gave ½ their produce to Spartan citizens.
Women had few rights – but more than other city-states.

8. Spartan Allies They were in a league with the Peloponnesians.
Sparta was the most powerful.
Strongest and most feared army on land.

9. Spartan Culture Militaristic values.
Children of citizens were raised to be “Spartans” and taught to get along with almost nothing.
Not allowed to own gold or silver luxuries.
Children taught to respect elderly, women, and warriors.
Strict military system was put in place by Lycurgus in 7th Century B.C.

10. Spartan Culture Women were brought up to be “mothers of soldiers”
They would say to their sons, “Either come back with your shield, or on it.”

11. Spartan Culture Food: Consisted of pork, blood, salt, and vinegar.
Trained to dislike fancy foods.

12. Spartan Education Boys – taken from parents at age 7.
Trained in the art of warfare. Brutally.
Only given cloak, no shoes, and little food. (learn survival skills)
Age 20 – they were put into the military.
Age 30 – Marry, but still live in barracks.
Taught choral dance, reading and writing – but athletics and military came first.

13. Spartan Education Girls – also started at 7, but from home.
Reading, writing, gymnastics, athletics and survival skills.
Could participate in sports.
Opinion was more valued than other city states because they often lived on their own, and raised the children on their own.

14. Role of Women
Treated better and trained better because strong women would produce strong babies.
18 years – be assigned to a husband.
Lots of free time and freedom to move around. (Domestic arts left to other classes)
Could own and control property.
Times of war, expected to control husband’s property and guard against invaders until he returned home.

15. Cultural Achievements
Very little art and cultural advancement due to military culture.
Plato’s The Republic: Sparta’s attempt to create an “ideal” community through military supremacy and simplicity.

16. Athens Population Roughly 140,000 40,000 slaves
Most populous city state in Hellas.

17. Athenian Government Direct democracy “Birthplace of democracy”
Elected officials
10 generals (strategos)
Magistrates (archons)
Council of 500 – administered decisions made by Assembly
Assembly – open to all citizens
Passed laws and made policy decisions
During Pericles rule – jury duty was paid.

18. Social Structure Freemen divided into 3 classes
Aristocrats – had large estates, made up cavalry and ship captians.
Middle ranks – Small farmers
Thetes – lowest class – urban craftsmen and ship rowers.
Metics – those who came from outside city
Couldn’t own land but could own business
Slaves – no rights, could be killed by landowners, however, often treated better than in other city states.

19. Athenian Allies Leader of the Delian League
Athens was the most powerful
Athens taxed and protected the other city-states.

20. Military Strength
Strong Navy

21. Lifestyle and Values Believe in participation of government.
Believed they were culturally superior
Benefitted from trade around Greece.
Beautiful city – elegant establishments.
Wealthy homes were nice – inner courtyard.
Fancy foods from all over empire.

22. Education Boys Started at 5 years old.
Went to 14.
If parents wealthy – to 18.
Reading, writing, math, music, sport, poetry, and gymnastics.
Beyond 18 – academy where they learn rhetoric, philosophy and ethics.
Two years of military training were required.

23. Education Girls Received little education unless family was wealthy.
Education by mother was spinning, weaving, and domestic art.

24. Role of Women Girls and women were kept at home.
Viewed as property
No rights – not citizens.
Some women, most often metics could obtain influential in politics.
Few women became religious oracles.

25. Cultural achievements
Lots!
Art, architecture, drama, literature, philosophy, science, medicine, government.

26. Deities
Gods and goddesses has human characteristics and behaved like humans.
12 most powerful gods lived on Mount Olympus.
Athena – wisdom and art
Demeter – agriculture
Aphrodite – love and beauty
Apollo – sun god – son of Zeus.
Zeus – chief god, rules the sky, weather, storms.
Dionysus – wine and fertility.

27. Greek deities Greeks have a sense of self-worth.
They approach gods with dignity, not fear.
Tried to be like the gods – do everything to the best of ability.
Oracles could interpret gods’ messages.
Oracle at Delphi – Apollo’s place of worship.