1. Introduction to Highway Engineering
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
Introduction to Highway Engineering

2. 1.1 SCOPE OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
1.1 SCOPE OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Engineering discipline branching from civil engineering
Involves the design, construction and maintenance of
highway systems.
Became prominent towards the latter half of the 20th Century
after World War 2.
Standards of highway engineering are continuously being
improved.
Highway engineers must take into account future traffic flows,
design of highway intersections/interchanges,
geometric alignment and design, highway pavement materials
and design, structural design of pavement thickness, and
pavement maintenance.
Most developed nations have extensive highway networks

3. (Good level of service)
TRAFFIC FLOW
(Good level of service)

4. TRAFFIC FLOW (Congested)

5. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
INTERSECTION

6. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
INTERCHANGE

7. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
GEOMETRICAL DESIGN

8. HIGHWAY MATERIALS SOIL
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
HIGHWAY MATERIALS
SOIL

9. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
SAND

10. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
AGGREGATE

11. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
BITUMEN

12. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ASPHALT CONCRETE

13. THICKNESS DESIGN ? mm ? mm ? mm
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
THICKNESS DESIGN
? mm
? mm
? mm

14. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ASPHALT DISTRESS

15. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE

16. 1.2 HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND ADMINISTRATION
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
1.2 HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND ADMINISTRATION
ROAD ELEMENTS
A diagram showing the cross-sectional elements of a divided rural highway

17. An actual divided rural highway
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ROAD ELEMENTS
An actual divided rural highway
An actual divided rural highway

18. ROAD ELEMENTS TRAVEL LANE
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ROAD ELEMENTS
TRAVEL LANE
Main elements of the roadway, as they provide the path for travel.
Influences the safety and comfort of driving.
On the local highway system, travel lane widths generally vary between:
2.5 m (R1/U1)
3.5 m (R5/U5/R6/U6) depending on functional classification,
traffic volumes, and project scope of work

19. ROAD ELEMENTS MEDIAN Median is also known as the central reservation
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ROAD ELEMENTS
MEDIAN
Median is also known as the central reservation
Median design depends on the functional class of the highway,
design speed, type of access management proposed,
availability of right-of-way, construction costs, maintenance considerations,
the anticipated ultimate development of the facility, operations
at crossroad intersections, and field conditions.
The median width is measured from the inside edge of the two traveled ways
and includes inside shoulders and/or median curb and gutters.
Median width varies from a minimum of 1.0 m (Type III urban street) to 18.0 m
(rural expressway).
The principal functions of a median are to provide the desired freedom from
the interference of opposing traffic, to provide a recovery area for out-of-
control vehicles, to provide for speed changes, to provide storage of right
turning and U-turning vehicles, and to provide for future lanes.

20. ROAD ELEMENTS SHOULDER
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ROAD ELEMENTS
SHOULDER
- The road shoulder is a reserved area by the verge of the road.
- It may be either paved (HMA or concrete) or unpaved (aggregate or turf).
Shoulder width varies from a minimum of 1.5 m to 3.0 m, depending on the
road standard and type of terrain.
For roads on difficult terrain and low volumes, a minimum of 0.6 m can be
considered.
- The functions of road shoulder include:
• provide structural support for the traveled way
• provide support for guardrail and prevents erosion around guardrail posts
• prevent or minimize pavement edge drop-offs
• provide space for emergency and discretionary stop
• improve roadside safety by providing more recovery area for run-off-the-
road vehicles
• facilitate maintenance operations
• facilitate pavement drainage
• provide space for pedestrian and bicycle use

21. ROAD ELEMENTS CLEAR ZONE
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ROAD ELEMENTS
CLEAR ZONE
Clear zone is defined as the total roadside border area, starting at the
edge of the traveled way, available for safe use by errant vehicles.
Simply stated, it is an unobstructed, relatively flat area beyond the edge
of the traveled way that allows a driver to stop safely or regain control of a
vehicle that leaves the traveled way.
- This area may consist of a shoulder, a recoverable slope, a non-recoverable slope,
and/or a clear run-out area.
- The desired minimum width is dependent upon traffic volumes and speeds and
on the roadside geometry.

22. ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA
- Malay Peninsula started since the British Colonial.
Tin mining and rubber industry
The first road was built in Perak, linking Kamunting and Ujung Tembo.
The construction then was extended to Pulau Pinang.
Lembah Kinta – from Taiping to Ipoh in 1891.
Currently, Peninsula Malaysia has about kilometers of road linking
North Malaysia to South Malaysia.
The total length of highway throughout Malaysia is about
1192 kilometers, including expressways such as NKVE, ELITE, KESAS
and BESRAYA.
More highways are being constructed, the latest being the
East-Coast Highway, in order to make Malaysia one of countries in
Asia which has the best road systems, besides Japan and China.

23. ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA
Green line
North – South Highway network map (source: PLUS)

24. STANDARDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROADS
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
STANDARDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROADS

25. APPLICATION OF STANDARDS
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
APPLICATION OF STANDARDS
Standard
Description
R6 / U6
- highest geometric design standard
- serves long trips with high speeds, comfort and safety
- with divided carriageway
- full access control
- e.g. rural and urban expressways
R5 / U5
- high geometric design standard
- serves long to intermediate trips with high to medium speeds
- partial access control
- e.g. highways, primary roads and arterials
R4 / U4
- medium geometric standard
- serves intermediate trip lengths with medium speeds
- e.g. primary roads, secondary roads, minor arterials and
major collectors
R3 / U3
- low geometric standard
- serves mainly local traffic
- partial or no access control
- e.g. secondary roads, collectors and major local streets

26. APPLICATION OF STANDARDS
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
APPLICATION OF STANDARDS
R2/ U2
- lowest geometric standard for two-way flow
- applied only to local traffic with low volumes of vehicles of
commercial traffic
- e.g. minor roads and local streets
R1 / U1
- very low geometric standard
- applied to very low traffic where the chances of two-way flow
is low
R1a
applied to local access to restricted areas such as access to microwave
stations and security areas
U1a
applied to local access to low cost housing areas

27. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ROAD CLASSIFICATION

28. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ROAD CLASSIFICATION

29. Divided interstate highways for through traffic
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
RURAL ROAD
Expressways
Divided interstate highways for through traffic
Has full access control
With grade separated intersections
For fast traveling
Serve long trips
Provide higher traveling speed and comfort
Designed to the highest standards

30. Constitute the interstate national network
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
Highways
Constitute the interstate national network
Complement the expressway network
Link up directly or indirectly the federal and state
Capitals, and points of entry/exit to the country
Serve long to intermediate trips
High to medium speed
Smooth traffic is provided
Partial access control

31. Constitute the major roads forming the basic network within a state
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
Primary Roads
Constitute the major roads forming the basic
network within a state
Serve intermediate trip lengths and medium
traveling speeds
Smooth traffic is provided
Partial access control
Link up state and district capitals or other major
towns

32. Constitute the major roads forming the basic
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
Secondary Roads
Constitute the major roads forming the basic
network within a district or regional development
areas
Serve intermediate trips
Partial access control
Link up major towns within the district or regional
development areas

33. Apply to all roads other than those described above
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
Minor Roads
Apply to all roads other than those described
above
Form the basic road network within a land scheme
or other inhabited areas
Include roads with special functions such as
holiday resort roads, security roads or access
roads to microwave stations
Serve local traffic with short trip lengths
Partial or no access control

34. Divided highways for through traffic
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
URBAN ROAD
Expressways
Divided highways for through traffic
Form the basic network in urbanized area
Has full access control
With grade separated intersections
For fast traveling
Serve long trips
Provide higher traveling speed and comfort
Designed to the highest standards
Complement the rural expressways

35. Continuous roads with partial access control for through traffic
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
Arterials
Continuous roads with partial access control for
through traffic
Convey traffic from residential areas to the vicinity
of the central business district, or from one part of
the city to another which does not intend to
penetrate identifiable neighbourhood
Smooth traffic flow is essential since they carry
large traffic volumes

36. Roads with partial access control designed to
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
Collectors
Roads with partial access control designed to
serve on a collector/distributor of traffic between
arterials and local road systems
Major roads which penetrate and serve identifiable
neighbourhood, commercial areas and industrial
areas
Local Streets
The basic network within a neighbourhood and
serves to offer direct access to abutting land
Links to the collector roads and thus serve short
trip lengths
Through traffic should be discouraged

37. Village/District road
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
Tolled Highway
Federal Road
State Road
Level of road
Local Authority Road
Village/District road

38. ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ROADS
BFC Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin
ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ROADS No
Organization
Task 1
Economic Planning Unit (EPU)
Form and plan policies – economy 2
Highway Planning Unit (HPU)
Planning of the development 3
Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA)
Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (LLM)
Focusing on the highways 4
Public Work Department (JKR)
Authority 5
Road Transport Department (JPJ)
Road safety 6
Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board (LPKP)
Permit of commercial vehicle 7
The Traffic Branch of State Police
Enforcement of rules 8
Department of Town and Country Planning (JPBD)
Carry out planning of transportation system 9
Local Authorities (PBT)
Plan and develop within the areas 10
Department of Environment (JAS)
Control the environment

39. BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin